Revisiones_bibliográficas TyO

Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018 Jun 26;26(1):51. doi: 10.1186/s13049-018-0518-x.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In 2011, the role of Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) was defined as one of the top five research priorities in physician-provided prehospital critical care and future research topics were proposed; the feasibility of prehospital POCUS, changes in patient management induced by POCUS and education of providers. This systematic review aimed to assess these three topics by including studies examining all kinds of prehospital patients undergoing all kinds of prehospital POCUS examinations and studies examining any kind of POCUS education in prehospital critical care providers. METHODS AND RESULTS: By a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, we identified and screened titles and abstracts of 3264 studies published from 2012 to 2017. Of these, 65 studies were read in full-text for assessment of eligibility and 27 studies were ultimately included and assessed for quality by SIGN-50 checklists. No studies compared patient outcome with and without prehospital POCUS. Four studies of acceptable quality demonstrated feasibility and changes in patient management in trauma. Two studies of acceptable quality demonstrated feasibility and changes in patient management in breathing difficulties. Four studies of acceptable quality demonstrated feasibility, outcome prediction and changes in patient management in cardiac arrest, but also that POCUS may prolong pauses in compressions. Two studies of acceptable quality demonstrated that short (few hours) teaching sessions are sufficient for obtaining simple interpretation skills, but not image acquisition skills. Three studies of acceptable quality demonstrated that longer one- or two-day courses including hands-on training are sufficient for learning simple, but not advanced, image acquisition skills. Three studies of acceptable quality demonstrated that systematic educational programs including supervised examinations are sufficient for learning advanced image acquisition skills in healthy volunteers, but that more than 50 clinical examinations are required for expertise in a clinical setting. CONCLUSION: Prehospital POCUS is feasible and changes patient management in trauma, breathing difficulties and cardiac arrest, but it is unknown if this improves outcome. Expertise in POCUS requires extensive training by a combination of theory, hands-on training and a substantial amount of clinical examinations - a large part of these needs to be supervised.

KEYWORDS: Cardiac arrest; Critical care; Dyspnea; Education; Point of care; Prehospital; Systematic review; Trauma; Ultrasound

Antiepiléticos en el paciente grave

Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients.

Farrokh S1, Tahsili-Fahadan P2,3, Ritzl EK2,4, Lewin JJ 3rd5, Mirski MA5.

Crit Care. 2018 Jun 7;22(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2066-1.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The incidence of seizures in intensive care units ranges from 3.3% to 34%. It is therefore often necessary to initiate or continue anticonvulsant drugs in this setting. When a new anticonvulsant is initiated, drug factors, such as onset of action and side effects, and patient factors, such as age, renal, and hepatic function, should be taken into account. It is important to note that the altered physiology of critically ill patients as well as pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and target temperature management may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. This may be even more challenging with the availability of newer antiepileptics where the evidence for their use in critically ill patients is limited. MAIN BODY: This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptics as well as application of these principles when dosing antiepileptics and monitoring serum levels in critically ill patients. The selection of the most appropriate anticonvulsant to treat seizure and status epileptics as well as the prophylactic use of these agents in this setting are also discussed. Drug-drug interactions and the effect of nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, plasma exchange, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on anticonvulsant removal are also included. CONCLUSION: Optimal management of antiepileptic drugs in the intensive care unit is challenging given altered physiology, polypharmacy, and nonpharmacological interventions, and requires a multidisciplinary approach where appropriate and timely assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring plans are in place.

KEYWORDS: Antiepileptic drugs; Critical care; Drug-drug Interaction; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Seizure

Biomarcadores en falla renal inducida por sepsis

Biomarkers of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

Wang K1, Xie S1, Xiao K1, Yan P1, He W2, Xie L1.

Biomed Res Int. 2018 Apr 24;2018:6937947. doi: 10.1155/2018/6937947. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Sepsis, an infection-induced systemic disease, leads to pathological, physiological, and biochemical abnormalities in the body. Organ dysfunction is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection during sepsis which is a major contributing factor to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the mortality rate for sepsis doubles due to coincidence of AKI. Sepsis-induced AKI is strongly associated with increased mortality and other adverse outcomes. More timely diagnosis would allow for earlier intervention and could improve patient outcomes. Sepsis-induced AKI is characterized by a distinct pathophysiology compared with other diseases and may also have unique patterns of plasma and urinary biomarkers. This concise review summarizes properties and perspectives of the biomarkers for their individual clinical utilization.

Congresos Médicos por Especialidades en todo Mundo

Medical Congresses by Specialties around the World

Events of the California Society of Anesthesiologists

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Safe Anaesthesia Worldwide

Delivering safe anaesthesia to the world's poorest people

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor

52 664 6848905

viernes, 29 de junio de 2018

Bloqueos neuroaxiales con ultrasonido / Ultrasound guided central neuraxial block

Junio 29, 2018. No. 3126

Sonoanatomía relevante para los bloqueos neuroaxiales centrales guiados por ecografía a través del abordaje paramediano en la región lumbar.

Sonoanatomy relevant for ultrasound-guided central neuraxial blocks via the paramedian approach in the lumbar region.

Karmakar MK1, Li X, Kwok WH, Ho AM, Ngan Kee WD.

Br J Radiol. 2012 Jul;85(1015):e262-9. doi: 10.1259/bjr/93508121. Epub 2011 Oct 18.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The use of ultrasound to guide peripheral nerve blocks is now a well-established technique in regional anaesthesia. However, despite reports of ultrasound guided epidural access via the paramedian approach, there are limited data on the use of ultrasound for centralneuraxial blocks, which may be due to a poor understanding of spinal sonoanatomy. The aim of this study was to define the sonoanatomy of the lumbar spine relevant for central neuraxial blocks via the paramedian approach. METHODS: The sonoanatomy of the lumbar spine relevant for central neuraxial blocks via the paramedian approach was defined using a "water-based spine phantom", young volunteers and anatomical slices rendered from the Visible Human Project data set. RESULTS: The water-based spine phantom was a simple model to study the sonoanatomy of the osseous elements of the lumbar spine. Each osseous element of the lumbar spine, in the spine phantom, produced a "signature pattern" on the paramedian sagittal scans, which was comparable to its sonographic appearance in vivo. In the volunteers, despite the narrow acoustic window, the ultrasound visibility of the neuraxial structures at the L3/L4 and L4/L5 lumbar intervertebral spaces was good, and we were able to delineate the sonoanatomy relevant for ultrasound-guided central neuraxial blocks via the paramedian approach. CONCLUSION: Using a simple water-based spine phantom, volunteer scans and anatomical slices from the Visible Human Project (cadaver) we have described the sonoanatomy relevant for ultrasound-guided central neuraxial blocks via the paramedian approach in the lumbar region.

Ultrasonido para bloqueos neuroaxiales

Ultrasound for Central Neuraxial Blockade

Kyle R. Kirkham, Ki Jinn Chin

Curr Anesthesiol Rep (2013) 3:242-249

Abstract The evidence base supporting the role of ultrasound to assist the performance of neuraxial anesthesia has become increasingly strong over the last decade. In both the lumbar and thoracic spine, ultrasound has been shown to optimize technical performance, improve patient outcomes, and potentially reduce harm. Specifically, ultrasound aids in identification of intervertebral levels, estimation of depth to epidural and intrathecal spaces, and localization of important landmarks including the midline and interlaminar space. These characteristics can facilitate both planning and performance of neuraxial blockade by reducing the required number of needle insertions and redirections, minimizing the risk of traumatic needle placements, and improving block effectiveness after epidural placement. This report details the evidence supporting each of these outcomes and also discusses the current understanding of both learning and teaching the skill of neuraxial ultrasonography. Keywords Ultrasound Epidural anesthesia Spinal anesthesia

Guía con ultrasonido para bloqueos neuroaxiales

Ultrasound guided central neuraxial block

Samina Ismail

Anaesth Pain & Intensive Care 2015;19(3):361-365

ABSTRACT

Central neuraxial blocks (CNB) are the preferred blocks in the practice of regional anesthesia. Palpation of the anatomical landmarks is used for the identification of the space, which is not always the best method when CNB is performed in overweight patients or patients having atypical spines like scoliosis. Ultrasound (US) has recently been utilized to facilitate CNB. However, CNB US can be difficult, because the structures need to be visualized by US are surrounded by bones, which do not allow ultrasound rays to pass through. Therefore in order to allow deeper penetration, the ultrasound probe used for CNB is a curved probe of low frequency of 2-5 mHz, as it allows deeper penetration at the expense of image resolution. There are two scanning planes; transverse and longitudinal which supplements each other. US for CNB helps in determining the intercristal line, exact intervertebral level, midline, ideal point of insertion, distance to ligamentum flavum and needle trajectory. US for CNB has improved patient safety by decreasing the number of attempts, chances of dural puncture and damage to conus medullaris. It has also improved patient satisfaction and has proved to be an ideal learning tool for the trainees. Key words: Regional Anesthesia; Spinal Injections; Spinal Puncture; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Conduction; Ultrasonography Citation: Ismail S. Ultrasound Guided Central Neuraxial Block.

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Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor

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martes, 19 de junio de 2018

Dolor en UCI / Pain in ICU

Junio 18, 2018. No. 3115

Prevalencia de dolor en pacientes hospitalizados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Metabólicos con intubación orotraqueal y bajo sedación, medido con escala COMFORT

P. E. García Ramírez, L. C. Valenzuela Molina, E. Zazueta Araujo, C. M. López Morales, R. Cabello Molina y P. Martínez Hernández Magro

Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2018; 25(1): 7-12

RESUMEN

Introducción: El dolor es un padecimiento frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados en unidades de cuidados intensivos, sin embargo es subdiagnosticado en aquellos pacientes que no tienen la capacidad para expresarlo. Diversas escalas se han validado a nivel mundial para determinar el nivel de dolor en dichos pacientes, pero existe poco personal entrenado para aplicarlas y escasos estudios sobre prevalencia de dolor en UCI. Objetivos: Se determina la prevalencia de dolor en pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Metabólicos (UCIM) orointubados y bajo sedación. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes hospitalizados en UCIM que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión (pacientes orointubados bajo sedación). Resultados: Se incluyeron 36 pacientes, siendo el 77,7 % del sexo masculino. La edad osciló entre 18 y 71 años con media de 51 y desviación estándar de 14,05. El 86 % de los pacientes ingresó por patología quirúrgica y el 75 % se encontraba con politerapia analgésica. La prevalencia de dolor medido con escala COMFORT fue del 69,4 %. Conclusión: La prevalencia de dolor en pacientes intubados y bajo sedación endovenosa en la UCIM es similar a la reportada en la literatura, siendo el nivel de sedación el factor que más se correlaciona de manera significativa con una mayor intensidad de dolor. Palabras clave: Dolor, terapia intensiva, intubación, sedación.

Congresos Médicos por Especialidades en todo Mundo

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XV Congreso Virtual Mexicano de Anestesiología

Octubre-Diciembre 2018

Events of the California Society of Anesthesiologists

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Safe Anaesthesia Worldwide

Delivering safe anaesthesia to the world's poorest people

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor

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Dolor inflamatorio y neuropático / Inflammatory and neuropathic pain

Junio 19, 2018. No. 3116

Dolor inflamatorio y neuropático desde la investigación hasta la cabecera del enfermo: ¿qué fue lo que salió mal?

Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain From Bench to Bedside: What Went Wrong?

Yezierski RP1, Hansson P2.

J Pain. 2018 Jun;19(6):571-588. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.261. Epub 2018 Jan 4.

Abstract

In recent years, the disappointing history of translation in pain research has undergone significant scrutiny. The escalation of knowledge and understanding related to presumed pain in neuropathic and inflammatory animal models contrasted with the unsatisfactory record of "bench-to-bedside" translation has raised many questions about the validity and clinical relevance of preclinical models and methods of behavioral assessment. Although many opinions have been expressed one of the overriding concerns and greatest barriers to the widening gap between preclinical research and the development of new interventions has been the underappreciated distinction between pain and nociception. As a result of these shortcomings, the distance between mechanism-based research and patient-centered product development has been referred to as the "valley of death." The reasons for the disappointing record of translation are many and easy to point out, but the changes needed and the strategies necessary to accomplish translational goals are much more difficult to identify. One of the challenges of translational pain research that has garnered a lot of attention relates to strategies of behavioral assessment which, with few exceptions, has remained basically unchanged for more than 3 decades. Other issues important to the discussion include but are not limited to the predictive validity of preclinical models, and the neglect of gender, age, and comorbidities in the design of preclinical studies. On the clinical side, the lack of sanitization of phenotypes in clinical trials has also contributed to the insufficient success of efforts to translate basic research to the clinic. The current review will discuss these and other issues believed to have contributed to the existing obstacles and challenges facing painresearch along with making recommendations for the future.

PERSPECTIVE: In this review the challenges of preclinical pain research and the reasons for the disappointing record of translation are examined. Important to this discussion is recognizing the scope of clinical characteristics associated with chronic pain conditions and the need for more clinically relevant models and methods of pain assessment.

KEYWORDS: Pain; animal models; behavioral assessment; nociception; translation

Congresos Médicos por Especialidades en todo Mundo

Medical Congresses by Specialties around the World

XV Congreso Virtual Mexicano de Anestesiología

Octubre-Diciembre 2018

Events of the California Society of Anesthesiologists

Información / Information

Safe Anaesthesia Worldwide

Delivering safe anaesthesia to the world's poorest people

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor

52 664 6848905