Intubación de secuencia rápida

Dosis óptima de succinilcolina para intubación en pacientes de emergencia: estudio retrospectivo comparativo The optimal succinylcholine dose for intubating emergency patients: retrospective comparative study. Ezzat A, Fathi E, Zarour A, Singh R, Abusaeda MO, Hussien MM. Anesthesia, ICU & Pain Management, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. Libyan J Med. 2011;6. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v6i0.7041. Epub 2011 Jul 14. Abstract BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine remains the drug of choice for satisfactory rapid-sequence tracheal intubation. It is not clear from the literature why the 1 mg/kg dose of succinylcholine has been traditionally used. The effective dose (ED95) of succinylcholine is less than 0.3 mg/kg. The dose of 1 mg/kg represents 3.5 to 4 times the ED(95). OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of the traditionally used 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine with lower doses of 0.6 mg/kg and 0.45 mg/kg on intubation condition regarding the onset time, duration of action, duration of abdominal fasciculation, and the intubation grading. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study was carried into three groups of ASA III & IV (American Society of Anesthesiologist's Physical Status III and IV) non-prepared emergency patients who were intubated at emergency department of Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar during January 1st 2007 to August 31, 2010. The Institutional Research Board (IRB) approval was obtained. This study was limited to 88 patients who received fentanyl 1µg/kg followed by etomidate 0.3 mg/kg intravenously as induction agents and succinylcholine as a muscle relaxant agent in doses of 0.45 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg. RESULTS: Increasing the succinylcholine dosage shortened the onset time, prolonged the duration of action, and prolonged the duration of abdominal fasciculation significantly (P<.001). Tracheal intubation was 100% successful in the three groups of patients. CONCLUSION: Succinylcholine dose of 0.45 mg/kg provides an optimal intubation condition in ASA III & IV emergency non-prepared patients. Duration of action of succinylcholine is dose dependent; reducing the dose allows a more rapid return of spontaneous respiration and airway reflexes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139274/pdf/LJM-6-7041.pdf    Inducción e intubación de secuencia rápida: controversia actual. Rapid sequence induction and intubation: current controversy. El-Orbany M, Connolly LA. Department of Anesthesiology-West, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.elorbany@mcw.edu Anesth Analg. 2010 May 1;110(5):1318-25. Epub 2010 Mar 17. Abstract The changing opinion regarding some of the traditional components of rapid sequence induction and intubation (RSII) creates wide practice variations that impede attempts to establish a standard RSII protocol. There is controversy regarding the choice of induction drug, the dose, and the method of administration. Whereas some prefer the traditional rapid injection of a predetermined dose, others use the titration to loss of consciousness technique. The timing of neuromuscular blocking drug (NMBD) administration is different in both techniques. Whereas the NMBD should immediately follow the induction drug in the traditional technique, it is only given after establishing loss of consciousness in the titration technique. The optimal dose of succinylcholine is controversial with advocates and opponents for both higher and lower doses than the currently recommended 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg dose. Defasciculation before succinylcholine was traditionally recommended in RSII but is currently controversial. Although the priming technique was advocated to accelerate onset of nondepolarizing NMBDs, its use has decreased because of potential complications and the introduction of rocuronium. Avoidance of manual ventilation before tracheal intubation was traditionally recommended to avoid gastric insufflation, but its use is currently acceptable and even recommended by some to avoid hypoxemia and to "test" the ability to mask ventilate. Cricoid pressure remains the most heated controversy; some believe in its effectiveness in preventing pulmonary aspiration, whereas others believe it should be abandoned because of the lack of scientific evidence of benefit and possible complications. There is still controversy regarding the best position and whether the head-up, head-down, or supine position is the safest during induction of anesthesia in full-stomach patients. These controversial components need to be discussed, studied, and resolved before establishing a standard RSII protocol. http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/110/5/1318.full.pdf+html

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