Nausea y vomito / Nausea and vomiting

Septiembre 9, 2017. No. 2806

Prevención de náuseas y vómitos en mujeres sometidas a anestesia regional para cesárea: desafíos y soluciones. Preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anesthesia for cesarean section: challenges and solutions. Jelting Y1, Klein C1, Harlander T1, Eberhart L2, Roewer N1, Kranke P1. Author information Local Reg Anesth. 2017 Aug 9;10:83-90. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S111459. eCollection 2017. Abstract BACKGROUND: Intraoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV) or postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) affecting women undergoing regional anesthesia for cesarean section is an important clinical problem since these techniques are used widely. There are burdens of literature about IONV/PONV and several in parturient and cesarean. However, it needs more attention. The underlying mechanisms of IONV and PONV in the obstetrical setting mainly include hypotension due to sympathicolysis during neuraxial anesthesia, bradycardia owing to an increased vagal tone, the visceral stimulation via the surgical procedure and intravenously administered opioids.  METHODS: Given the high and even increasing rate of cesarean sections and the sparse information on the etiology, incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting and the impact of prophylactic measures on the incidence of PONV/IONV, this article aims to review the available information and provide pragmatic suggestions on how to prevent nausea and vomiting in this patient cohort. Current literature and guidelines were identified by electronic database searching (MEDLINE via PubMed and Cochrane database of systematic reviews) up to present, searching through reference lists of included literature and personal contact with experts. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Taking into account the current guidelines and literature as well as everyday clinical experience, the first step for decreasing the incidence of IONV and PONV is a comprehensive management of circulatory parameters. This management includes liberal perioperative fluid administration and the application of vasopressors as the circumstances require. By using low-dose local anesthetics, an additional application of intrathecal or spinal opioids or hyperbaric solutions for a sufficient controllability of neuraxial distribution, maternal hypotension might be reduced. Performing a combined spinal-epidural anesthesia or epidural anesthesia may be considered as an alternative to spinal anesthesia. Antiemetic drugs may be administered restrainedly due to off-label use in pregnant women for IONV or PONV prophylaxis and may be reserved for treatment. KEYWORDS: PONV; antiemetics; hypotension; neuraxial anesthesia; obstetrics PDF Administración profiláctica del ondansetrón en la prevención del prurito inducido por morfina intratecal y náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios en pacientes sometidos a cesárea Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section. Koju RB1,2, Gurung BS3, Dongol Y4. Author information BMC Anesthesiol. 2015 Feb 17;15:18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-18.Abstract BACKGROUND: Intrathecal morphine is commonly used for post caesarean analgesia. However, their use is frequently associated with the incidence of troublesome side effects such as nausea, vomiting and pruritus. Various mechanisms have been postulated for the opioid-induced pruritus, with a variety of medications with different mechanisms of actions formulated for the prevention and treatment. But, the results are inconsistent and hence the prevention and treatment of opioid-induced pruritus still remains a challenge. Ondansetron which is antiemetic, non-sedative and has no antianalgesic effect is an antagonist to 5-HT3 receptor, the receptor with which opioids interacts and imparts its effects. Ondansetron, thus, would be an attractive treatment strategy for both opioid-induced pruritus and post-operative nauseaand vomiting. METHODS: After the approval from institutional review committee and written consent received from the patient, 50 healthy parturients of ASA I and II physical status undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were enrolled for the study. They were randomly categorized into placebo group (2 ml normal saline) and treatment group (2 ml of 4 mg ondansetron), each group containing 25 patients. Pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting scores were recorded up to 24 hours after the administration of intrathecal morphine. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test. RESULTS: The incidence, severity and necessity of treatment for pruritus in the treatment group was significantly reduced compared to the placebo group (16% vs 88%). Similarly, the risk of post-operative nausea and vomiting in the treatment group was less compared to the placebo group (8% vs 56%). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic administration of ondansetron to parturients receiving intrathecal morphine for post-operative analgesia provides a significant reduction of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and nausea and vomiting. PDF XIV Congreso Virtual Mexicano de Anestesiología 2017 Octubre 1-Diciembre 31, 2017 Información / Information Video informativo Convocatoria para el Curso de Posgrado en Medicina del Dolor y Paliativa 2018 para Mexicanos y extranjeros. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Informes (52) 55 5487 0900 ext. 5011 de lunes a viernes de 9.00 a 14 h (hora de Ciudad de México).  Informes / Information California Society of Anesthesiologists Reuniones / Events Informacion / Information

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