Diseñan una red social accesible para personas con autismo

Diseñan una red social accesible para personas con autismo

Una red social accesible para personas con Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA) mejorará la calidad de vida de este colectivo, al que ofrecerá recursos y servicios accesibles.

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DISEÑAN UNA RED SOCIAL ACCESIBLE PARA PERSONAS CON AUTISMO - FOTO: JESÚS G. FERIA

23 Diciembre 10 - Madrid - Servimedia

El proyecto, denominado Red Digital sobre Comunicación Alternativa y Aumentativa (TSI-040200-2009-44), está financiado por el Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio y se enmarca en el "Plan Avanza2".

Su sostenibilidad está garantizada por la Fundación ONCE, que pondrá el servicio en explotación de forma gratuita para las personas con discapacidad en su portal Discapnet. En concreto, el proyecto propone la generación de una red social accesible basada en tecnología 2.0 de las personas con Trastornos de Espectro Autista, familiares y profesionales. Se trata de que dicha red social reúna los recursos y servicios que actualmente se encuentran diseminados en Internet o son de acceso limitado a formato presencial.

Esta red se presenta como un proyecto innovador no sólo por el foco de las personas a las que se dirige, sino también por la incorporación de herramientas web 2.0 accesibles, que son precisamente las tecnologías que más barreras de accesibilidad tienen. Los beneficiarios serán fundamentalmente las personas con Trastornos del Espectro Autista, sus padres y familiares y los profesionales que trabajan con ellos para mejorar sus capacidades de comunicación.

Esta herramienta pone a disposición de las personas con TEA contenidos con acceso a materiales diversos de soporte audiovisual. Por ejemplo, el uso de sistemas alternativos y aumentativos de comunicación, un instrumento fundamental para superar las dificultades de comunicación y fomentar la adquisición del lenguaje. También son de gran utilidad para las personas con TEA otros instrumentos que ayudan a estructurar el tiempo y el espacio, como agendas u horarios visuales.

Se calcula que alrededor de cinco de cada 10.000 personas presentan un cuadro de "autismo clásico". Si se toma en consideración todo el espectro del autismo, éste afecta aproximadamente a una de cada 700 o 1.000 personas. La prevalencia de los Trastornos del Espectro Autista ha aumentado en los últimos años, debido sobre todo a la mayor detección y a que se ha ampliado el número de trastornos que se engloban dentro del espectro, aunque también se considera la posibilidad de que exista algún factor ambiental que pueda estar contribuyendo al aumento de los casos.

El autismo, que afecta cuatro veces más a los varones, se suele manifestar en los tres primeros años de vida del niño y se caracteriza por unos trastornos del comportamiento, alteración del lenguaje y comunicación, balanceos y conductas obsesivas que les hace ser dependientes durante toda su vida. En España se calcula que hay entre 12.000 y 14.000 menores de 10 años con Trastornos del Espectro Autista. El número total de personas con estos trastornos podría superar las 45.000.

Directrices prácticas para el ayuno preoperatorio y el uso de agentes farmacológicos para reducir el riesgo de aspiración pulmonar: Aplicación a los pacientes sanos sometidos a procedimientos electivos: un informe actualizado por la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos Comité de Normas y Parámetros de Práctica

Directrices prácticas para el ayuno preoperatorio y el uso de agentes farmacológicos para reducir el riesgo de aspiración pulmonar: Aplicación a los pacientes sanos sometidos a procedimientos electivos: un informe actualizado por la Sociedad Americana de  Anestesiólogos Comité de Normas y Parámetros de Práctica Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters Anesthesiology March 2011 - Volume 114 - Issue 3 - pp 495-511 doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181fcbfd9 PRACTICE Guidelines are systematically developed recommendations that assist the practitioner and patient in making decisions about health care. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. In addition, Practice Guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Practice Guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide basic recommendations that are supported by a synthesis and analysis of the current literature, expert and practitioner opinion, open forum commentary, and clinical feasibility data. This update includes data published since the Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration were adopted by the ASA in 1998 and published in 1999 http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Fulltext/2011/03000/Practice_Guidelines_for_Preoperative_Fasting_and.13.aspx

Atentamente Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor www.anestesia-dolor.org

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Defining an Illness Is Fodder for Debate

By DAVID TULLER

For an ailment with no known cause and subjective symptoms, definitions differ, and so do diagnoses.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition of prolonged and severe tiredness or weariness (fatigue) that is not relieved by rest and is not directly caused by other conditions. To be diagnosed with this condition, your tiredness must be severe enough to decrease your ability to participate in ordinary activities by 50%.

See also: Fatigue

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Back to TopAlternative Names

CFS; Fatigue - chronic; Immune dysfunction syndrome

Back to TopCauses »

The exact cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is unknown. Some researchers suspect it may be caused by a virus, such as Epstein-Barr virus or human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6). However, no specific virus has been identified as the cause.

Studies suggest that CFS may be caused by inflammation along the nervous system, and that this inflammation may be some sort of immune response or process.

Other factors such as age, prior illness, stress, environment, or genetics may also play a role.

CFS most commonly occurs in women ages 30 to 50.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) describes CFS as a distinct disorder with specific symptoms and physical signs, based on ruling out other possible causes. The number of persons with CFS is unknown.

In-Depth Causes »

Back to TopSymptoms

Symptoms of CFS are similar to those of most common viral infections (muscle aches, headache, and fatigue). They come on within a few hours or days and last for 6 months or more.

Main symptoms:

• Fatigue or tiredness, never experienced to this extent before (new onset), lasting at least 6 months and not relieved by bed rest
• Fatigue that is severe enough to restrict activity (serious fatigue develops with less than one-half of the exertion compared with before the illness)

Other symptoms:

• Fatigue lasting more than 24 hours after an amount of exercise that would normally be easily tolerated
• Feeling unrefreshed after sleeping an adequate amount of time
• Forgetfulness or other similar symptoms including difficulty concentrating, confusion, or irritability
• Headaches, different from previous headaches in quality, severity, or pattern
• Joint pain, often moving from joint to joint (migratory arthralgias), without joint swelling or redness
• Lymph node tenderness in the neck or armpit
• Mild fever (101 degrees F or less)
• Muscle aches (myalgias)
• Muscle weakness, all over or multiple locations, not explained by any known disorder
• Sore throat

Back to TopExams and Tests »

Physical examination may confirm fever, lymph node tenderness, lymph node swelling, or other symptoms. The throat may appear red without drainage or pus.

The health care provider will diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) only after ruling out all other known possible causes of fatigue, such as:

• Drug dependence
• Immune or autoimmune disorders
• Infections
• Muscle or nerve diseases (such as multiple sclerosis)
• Endocrine diseases (such as hypothyroidism)
• Other illnesses (such as heart, kidney, liver diseases)
• Psychiatric or psychological illnesses, particularly depression (since CFS itself may be associated with depression, a diagnosis of depression does not rule out CFS but fatigue related to depression alone must be ruled out for CFS to be diagnosed)
• Tumors

A diagnosis of CFS must include:

• Absence of other causes of chronic fatigue (excluding depression)
• At least four of the other symptoms listed
• Extreme, prolonged fatigue

There are no specific tests to confirm the diagnosis of CFS, although a variety of tests are usually done to exclude other possible causes of the symptoms.

The following test results, while not specific enough to diagnose CFS, are seen consistently in people who are eventually diagnosed with the disorder:

• Brain MRI showing swelling in the brain or destruction of part of the nerve cells (demyelination)
• Higher levels of specific white blood cells (CD4 T cells) compared with other types of white blood cells (CD8 T cells)
• Specific white blood cells (lymphocytes) containing active forms of EBV or HHV-6

In-Depth Diagnosis »

Back to TopTreatment »

There is currently no cure for CFS. Instead, the symptoms are treated. Many people with CFS experience depression and other psychological problems that may improve with treatment.

Some of the proposed treatments include:

• Antiviral drugs (such as acyclovir)
• Drugs to fight yeast infections (such as nystatin)
• Medications to reduce pain, discomfort, and fever
• Medications to treat anxiety (antianxiety drugs)
• Medications to treat depression (antidepressant drugs)

Some medications can cause adverse reactions or side effects that are worse than the original symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Patients with CFS are encouraged to maintain active social lives. Mild physical exercise may also be helpful.

In-Depth Treatment »

Back to TopOutlook (Prognosis)

The long-term outlook for patients with CFS is variable and difficult to predict when symptoms first start. Some patients have been reported to completely recover after 6 months to a year. Others may take longer for a complete recovery.

Some patients report never returning to their pre-illness state. Most studies report that patients treated in an extensive rehabilitation program are more likely to recover completely than those patients who don't seek treatment.

Back to TopPossible Complications

• Depression (related both to symptoms and lack of diagnosis)
• Lifestyle restrictions (some people are so fatigued that they are essentially disabled during the course of the illness)
• Side effects and adverse reactions to medication treatments
• Social isolation caused by fatigue

Back to TopWhen to Contact a Medical Professional

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you experience persistent, severe fatigue, with or without other symptoms of this disorder. Other more serious disorders can cause similar symptoms and should be ruled out.

See also:Chronic fatigue syndrome - resources

Back to TopReferences

Harris ED, Budd RC, Genovese MC, Firestein GS, Sargent JS, Sledge CB. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology . 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2005:525.

Rakel RE, Bope ET. Conn's Current Therapy 2008 . 60th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008.