| ¿Amor por el bebé? La oxitocina-dopamina en las interacciones de unión entre madre e hijo. |
Baby love? Oxytocin-dopamine interactions in mother-infant bonding. Douglas AJ. Endocrinology. 2010 May;151(5):1978-80.Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Alison.j.douglas@ed.ac.ukBonding is a special connection between individuals. It might be observed between mothers and their babies, lovers, family, friends, or even between owners and their pets. Bonding is a description of feelings that encompasses measurable parameters of attachment to another individual and reward by being attached. These parameters are sometimes used to scientifically define love. In the case of the mother-infant bond, there is recognition of the infant, and desire and action to give warmth, comfort, food, and protection. It has been known for many years that the neuroendocrine hormone, oxytocin, and the monoamine, dopamine, play key roles in initiation and maintenance of such behaviors. The Meaney lab (1) has been instrumental in establishing the separate importance of oxytocin and dopamine in mother-infant interaction and in showing that individual variation in these central systems underlies differences in quality of the behavior. However, exactly how and where oxytocin acts centrally in maternal behavior has been relatively ill defined, partly because oxytocin receptors are widely distributed and partly because oxytocin has multiple simultaneous roles perinatally. Now the precise roles for oxytocin in mediating this dialogue are emerging and dopamine in particular is a promising target. http://endo.endojournals.org/content/151/5/1978.full.pdf+html |
| Comunicación materno-filial en el embarazo |
López Moratalla N. Departamento Interfacultativo de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona. Spain. natalialm@unav.esCuad Bioet. 2009 Sep-Dec;20(70):303-15.Resumen Las interacciones entre moléculas y los intercambios celulares que se establece entre el hijo y la madre durante la gestación crean una íntima convivencia de dos vidas. La comunicación interpersonal es condición de la vida de cada hombre, imprescindible para que alcance la plenitud personal. Lo originario es lo biológico y sobre la base de la comunicación, inicialmente biológica, cada hombre está abierto a la relación con los demás y lo demás. Mientras el cuerpo del hijo se desarrolla en el cuerpo de la madre se prepara para un último «terminado» que le permite asimilar, e incorporar, el ambiente propio y le capacita la adaptación a su mundo peculiar. En paralelo, el cerebro de la madre se organiza y crea, bien orquestado por las hormonas y factores del embarazo, el complejo y rico comportamiento maternal. Palabras clave: comunicación materno-fetal, diálogo molecular, intercambio celular, tolerancia inmunológica, cerebro materno.
Abstract Molecular interactions and cellular exchanges between mother and foetus or embryo in pregnancy generate an intimate symbiosis of two different lives. Interpersonal communication is an established requirement in the life of each man to reach personal plenitude. Initially on a biological basis, each person is open to others and his surroundings. While the body of the child is developing in the womb of the mother, the mother prepares the "last finish", which will allow him to assimilate and adapt to his peculiar world. In parallel, the brain of the mother, stimulated by hormones and pregnancy factors, becomes ready for a rich and complex behaviour. http://aebioetica.org/archivos/01-BIOETICA-70.pdf
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| Amor romántico: un sistema del cerebro de los mamíferos para la elección de la pareja |
Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice.
Fisher HE, Aron A, Brown LL.
Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, 131 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA. helenfisher@helenfisher.com
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Dec 29;361(1476):2173-86.
Abstract
Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural 'attraction system' is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely 'in love'. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/361/1476/2173.long
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| La historia orgásmica de la oxitocina: Amor, lujuria y trabajo de parto |
The orgasmic history of oxytocin: Love, lust, and labor.
Magon N, Kalra S.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Air Force Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;15 Suppl 3:S156-61.
Abstract
Oxytocin has been best known for its roles in female reproduction. It is released in large amounts during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples. It is a facilitator for childbirth and breastfeeding. However, recent studies have begun to investigate oxytocin's role in various behaviors, including orgasm, social recognition, bonding, and maternal behaviors. This small nine amino acid peptide is now believed to be involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological functions such as sexual activity, penile erection, ejaculation, pregnancy, uterine contraction, milk ejection, maternal behavior, social bonding, stress and probably many more, which makes oxytocin and its receptor potential candidates as targets for drug therapy. From an innocuous agent as an aid in labor and delivery, oxytocin has come a long way in being touted as the latest party drug. The hormone of labor during the course of the last 100 years has had multiple orgasms to be the hormone of love. Many more shall be seen in the times to come!
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183515/?tool=pubmed
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| La oxitocina promueve el etnocentrismo humano. |
Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism.
De Dreu CK, Greer LL, Van Kleef GA, Shalvi S, Handgraaf MJ.
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.k.w.dedreu@uva.nl
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 25;108(4):1262-6. Epub 2011 Jan 10.
Abstract
Human ethnocentrism--the tendency to view one's group as centrally important and superior to other groups--creates intergroup bias that fuels prejudice, xenophobia, and intergroup violence. Grounded in the idea that ethnocentrism also facilitates within-group trust, cooperation, and coordination, we conjecture that ethnocentrism may be modulated by brain oxytocin, a peptide shown to promote cooperation among in-group members. In double-blind, placebo-controlled designs, males self-administered oxytocin or placebo and privately performed computer-guided tasks to gauge different manifestations of ethnocentric in-group favoritism as well as out-group derogation. Experiments 1 and 2 used the Implicit Association Test to assess in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Experiment 3 used the infrahumanization task to assess the extent to which humans ascribe secondary, uniquely human emotions to their in-group and to an out-group. Experiments 4 and 5 confronted participants with the option to save the life of a larger collective by sacrificing one individual, nominated as in-group or as out-group. Results show that oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in-group favoritism and, to a lesser extent, out-group derogation. These findings call into question the view of oxytocin as an indiscriminate "love drug" or "cuddle chemical" and suggest that oxytocin has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/4/1262.full.pdf+html
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