| Lesión, dolor y uso de opioides de prescripción entre ex futbolistas de la NFL |
Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players.
Cottler LB, Ben Abdallah A, Cummings SM, Barr J, Banks R, Forchheimer R.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. cottler@epi.wustl.edu
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Jul 1;116(1-3):188-94. Epub 2011 Jan 28.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Athletes with injury-related pain, especially National Football League (NFL) players, are at increased risk for opioid use and misuse which may result in medical, psychiatric and social problems. This is the first study to evaluate the intersection of sports pain and opioid use and misuse among former NFL players. METHODS: A telephone survey of 644 retired NFL players from the 2009 Retired Players Association Directory was conducted (53.4% completion rate) from March to August 2010. RESULTS: Over half (52%) used opioids during their NFL career with 71% reporting misuse. Additionally, 15% of NFL misusers currently misused vs. 5% among players who used just as prescribed during their NFL career. Prevalence of current opioid use was 7%-3 times the rate of the general population. Multivariate analyses indicated that significant NFL pain increased the adjusted odds (AOR) of any current opioid use vs. non-use (AOR 6.76, 95%CI 2.88-15.87), as did moderate to severe mental impairment (AOR 1.88, 95%CI 1.19-2.98) and heavy drinking in the past week (AOR 2.15, 95%CI 1.17-3.98). Undiagnosed concussions singly predicted current misuse vs. use just as prescribed (AOR 4.25, 95%CI 1.12-16.22). Three variables predicted current misuse vs. non-use: significant pain (AOR 8.33, 95%CI 1.98-35.04), undiagnosed concussions (AOR 3.51, 95%CI 1.98-35.04) and heavy drinking (AOR 3.48, 95%CI 1.63-7.41). CONCLUSIONS: Players who misused during their NFL career were most likely to misuse currently compared to others. Current misuse was associated with more NFL pain, undiagnosed concussions and heavy drinking. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the long term effects of opioid misuse among athletes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3095672/pdf/nihms-269860.pdf
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| Abuso de hormona de crecimiento entre levantadores de pesas masculinos |
Human growth hormone abuse in male weightlifters.
Brennan BP, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr.
Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA. bbrennan@partners.org
Am J Addict. 2011 Jan-Feb;20(1):9-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00093.x. Epub 2010 Nov 12.
Abstract
In a study of performance-enhancing substance use among 231 experienced young male weightlifters, we found that 27 (12%) reported illicit use of human growth hormone (HGH) or its bioactive derivative, insulin-like growth factor-1. All of these 27 men also reported use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and 22 (81%) met criteria for current or past AAS dependence. Fifteen (56%) also reported current or past dependence on opioids, cocaine, and/or ecstasy. These findings suggest that among young male weightlifters, illicit HGH use has become a common form of substance abuse, frequently associated with both AAS dependence and classical substance dependence.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104052/pdf/nihms243249.pdf
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