Tromboembolismo venoso, trombofilia, terapia antotrombótica y embarazo
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VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO; American College of Chest Physicians.
Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada. batesm@mcmaster.ca
Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e691S-736S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2300.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The use of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy is challenging because of the potential for both fetal and maternal complications. This guideline focuses on the management of VTE and thrombophilia as well as the use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. METHODS:The methods of this guideline follow the Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. RESULTS:We recommend low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention and treatment of VTE in pregnant women instead of unfractionated heparin (Grade 1B). For pregnant women with acute VTE, we suggest that anticoagulants be continued for at least 6 weeks postpartum (for a minimum duration of therapy of 3 months) compared with shorter durations of treatment (Grade 2C). For women who fulfill the laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and meet the clinical APLA criteria based on a history of three or more pregnancy losses, we recommend antepartum administration of prophylactic or intermediate-dose unfractionated heparin or prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin combined with low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/d) over no treatment (Grade 1B). For women with inherited thrombophilia and a history of pregnancycomplications, we suggest not to use antithrombotic prophylaxis (Grade 2C). For women with two or more miscarriages but without APLA orthrombophilia, we recommend against antithrombotic prophylaxis (Grade 1B). CONCLUSIONS: Most recommendations in this guideline are based on observational studies and extrapolation from other populations. There is an urgent need for appropriately designed studies in this population.
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Factores de riesgos trombofílicos hereditarios de pérdida recurrente del embarazo
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Hereditary thrombophilic risk factors for recurrent pregnancy loss.
Bogdanova N, Markoff A.
Institute of Human Genetics, Westfalian-Wilhelms University of Muenster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149, Münster, Germany, bogdano@uni-muenster.de.
J Community Genet. 2010 Jun;1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1007/s12687-010-0011-3. Epub 2010 Jun 11.
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of hereditary hypercoagulation factors predisposing to thrombophilia-associated recurrent fetal loss. Thrombophilias are a major cause of adverse pregnancy outcome, playing a role in the etiology of up to 40% of cases worldwide. Hereditary thrombophilic predispositions to recurrent pregnancy wastage include genetic lesions in blood coagulation factors II and V as well as natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C, and protein S. Furthermore, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants conferring higher thrombophiliarisk in combination with these mutations and the newly described annexin A5 gene M2 promoter allele are associated with repeated fetal loss. The review gives a concise description of the molecular defects arising from the genetic changes, of the role these factors play in the timing and definition of fetal loss, and risk estimates from available studies and meta-analysis. This knowledge is instrumental for a more precise assessment of individual risks for repeated fetal loss and should guide therapeutic strategies, where relevant. Since the average childbearing age increases in Western societies, the importance of a timely diagnosis of fetal loss predisposition is increasing.
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Pérdida recurrente del embarazo y trombofilia
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Recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia.
D'Uva M, Micco PD, Strina I, Placido GD.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Reproduction, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
J Clin Med Res. 2010 Feb;2(1):18-22. doi: 10.4021/jocmr2010.02.260w. Epub 2010 Feb 26.
Abstract
Emerging data seem to be available also on the role of active thromboprophylaxis with heparin and pregnancy outcome. In the last decades we found many data concerning the association between a hypercoagulable state and its causes and adverse pregnancy outcome, in particular recurrentpregnancy loss (RPL). First studies which focused on the association between thrombophilia and RPL underlined the role of reduced clotting inhibitors and RPL, and subsequent studies underlined a pathogenetic role of gene variant associated to hypercoagulable state in the occurrence of RPL. On the other hand, acquired thrombophilic abnormalities as antiphipsholipid syndrome are a well known cause of RPL and should be considered for a screening. These data are relevant because recent studies suggested a role of an extensive thromprophilaxis in women with RPL that should be addressed only in case of known thrombophilia and high risk of venous thrombo embolism.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299170/pdf/jocmr-02-18.pdf
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