Paro cardiaco y anestesia / Cardiac arrest and anesthesia

Febrero 4, 2016. No. 2227

Incidencia y factores asociados con paro cardiaco perioperatorio dentro de 24 horas de anestesia para cirugía urgente Incidence of and factors associated with perioperative cardiac arrest within 24 hours of anesthesia for emergency surgery. Siriphuwanun V, Punjasawadwong Y, Lapisatepun W, Charuluxananan S, Uerpairojkit K. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2014 Sep 4;7:155-62. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S67935. eCollection 2014. Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of and factors associated with perioperative cardiac arrest within 24 hours of receiving anesthesia for emergency surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was approved by the ethical committee of Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand. We reviewed the data of 44,339 patients receiving anesthesia for emergency surgery during the period from January 1, 2003 to March 31, 2011. The data included patient characteristics, surgical procedures, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, anesthesia information, location of anesthesia performed, and outcomes. Data of patients who had received topical anesthesia or monitoring anesthesia care were excluded. Factors associated with cardiac arrest were identified by univariate analyses. Multiple regressions for the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine the strength of factors associated with cardiac arrest. A forward stepwise algorithm was chosen at a P-value <0.05. RESULTS: The incidence (within 24 hours) of perioperative cardiac arrest in patients receiving anesthesia for emergency surgery was 163 per 10,000. Factors associated with 24-hour perioperative cardiac arrest in emergency surgery were age of 2 years or younger (RR =1.46, CI =1.03-2.08, P=0.036), ASA physical status classification of 3-4 (RR =5.84, CI =4.20-8.12, P<0.001) and 5-6 (RR =33.98, CI =23.09-49.98, P<0.001), the anatomic site of surgery (upper intra-abdominal, RR =2.67, CI =2.14-3.33, P<0.001; intracranial, RR =1.74, CI =1.35-2.25, P<0.001; intrathoracic, RR =2.35, CI =1.70-3.24, P<0.001; cardiac, RR =3.61, CI =2.60-4.99, P<0.001; and major vascular; RR =3.05, CI =2.22-4.18, P<0.001), respiratory or cardiovascular comorbidities (RR =1.95, CI =1.60-2.38, P<0.001 and RR =1.38, CI =1.11-1.72, P=0.004, respectively), and patients in shock prior to receiving anesthesia (RR =2.62, CI =2.07-3.33, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The perioperative incidence of cardiac arrest within 24 hours of anesthesia for emergency surgery was high and associated with multiple factors such as young age (≤2 years old), cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities, increasing ASA physical status classification, preoperative shock, and surgery site. Perioperative care providers, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses, should be prepared to manage promptly this high risk group of surgical patients. KEYWORDS: anesthetic care; emergency surgery; perioperative cardiac arrest; retrospective cohort; risk factors PDF  Paro cardiaco intraoperatoria y relacionado con anestesia y su mortalidad en pacientes viejos. Un estudio de 15 años en un hospital de tercer nivel Intraoperative and anesthesia-related cardiac arrest and its mortality in older patients: a 15-year survey in a tertiary teaching hospital. Nunes JC, Braz JR, Oliveira TS, de Carvalho LR, Castiglia YM, Braz LG. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 12;9(8):e104041. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104041. eCollection 2014. Abstract BACKGROUND: Little information is known about factors that influence perioperative and anesthesia-related cardiac arrest (CA) in older patients. This study evaluated the incidence, causes and outcome of intraoperative and anesthesia-related CA in older patients in a Brazilian teaching hospital between 1996 and 2010. METHODS: During the study, older patients received 18,367 anesthetics. Data collected included patient characteristics, surgical procedures, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, anesthesia type, medical specialty team and outcome. All CAs were categorized by cause into one of four groups: patient's disease/condition-related, surgery-related, totally anesthesia-related or partially anesthesia-related. RESULTS: All intraoperative CAs and deaths rates are shown per 10,000 anesthetics. There were 100 CAs (54.44; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 44.68-64.20) and 68 deaths (37.02; 95% CI: 27.56-46.48). The majority of CAs were patient's disease-/condition-related (43.5; 95% CI: 13.44-73.68). There were six anesthesia-related CAs (3.26; 95% CI: 0.65-5.87) - 1 totally and 5 partially anesthesia-related, and three deaths, all partially anesthesia-related (1.63; 95% CI: 0.0-3.47). ASA I-II physical status patients presented no anesthesia-related CA. Anesthesia-related CA, absent in the last five years of the study, was due to medication-/airway-related causes. ASA physical status was the most important predictor of CA (odds ratio: 14.52; 95% CI: 4.48-47.08; P<0.001) followed by emergency surgery (odds ratio: 8.07; 95% CI: 5.14-12.68; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study identified high incidence of intraoperative CAs with high mortality in older patients. The large majority of CAs were caused by factors not anesthesia-related. Anesthesia-related CA and mortality rates were 3.26 and 1.63 per 10,000 anesthetics, with no anesthesia-related CA in the last five years of the study. Major predictors of intraoperative CAs were poorer ASA physical status and emergency surgery. All anesthesia-related CAs were medication-related or airway-related, which is important for prevention strategies. PDF

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org Copyright © 2015

Controversias en la vía aérea pediátrica perioperatoria

Febrero 2, 2016. No. 2225

Controversias en la vía aérea pediátrica perioperatoria Controversies in Pediatric Perioperative Airways. Klucka J, Stourac P, Soudek R, Toukálková M, Harazim H, Kosinová M. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:368761. doi: 10.1155/2015/368761. Epub 2015 Nov 22. Abstract Pediatric airway management is a challenge in routine anesthesia practice. Any airway-related complication due to improper procedure can have catastrophic consequences in pediatric patients. The authors reviewed the current relevant literature using the following data bases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline (OVID SP), and Dynamed, and the following keywords: Airway/s, Children, Pediatric, Difficult Airways, and Controversies. From a summary of the data, we identified several controversies: difficult airway prediction, difficult airway management, cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for securing pediatric airways, rapid sequence induction (RSI), laryngeal mask versus endotracheal tube, and extubation timing. The data show that pediatric anesthesia practice in perioperative airway management is currently lacking the strong evidence-based medicine (EBM) data that is available for adult subpopulations. A number of procedural steps in airway management are derived only from adult populations. However, the objective is the same irrespective of patient age: proper securing of the airway and oxygenation of the patient. PDF Lo pequeño es el nuevo grande: Una visión general de nuevos dispositivos supraglóticos para niños Small is the new big: An overview of newer supraglottic airways for children. Goyal R. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Oct-Dec;31(4):440-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.169048. Abstract Almost all supraglottic airways (SGAs) are now available in pediatric sizes. The availability of these smaller sizes, especially in the last five years has brought a marked change in the whole approach to airway management in children. SGAs are now used for laparoscopic surgeries, head and neck surgeries, remote anesthesia; and for ventilation during resuscitation. A large number of reports have described the use of SGAs in difficult airway situations, either as a primary or a rescue airway. Despite this expanded usage, there remains little evidence to support its usage in prolonged surgeries and in the intensive care unit. This article presents an overview of the current options available, suitability of one over the other and reviews the published data relating to each device. In this review, the author also addresses some of the general concerns regarding the use of SGAs and explores newer roles of their use in children. KEYWORDS: 2nd generation device; Air Q; Ambu Aura; i-gel; laryngeal mask airway; laryngeal tube suction; pediatric; pediatric airway management; supraglottic airways PDF

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org Copyright © 2015

Paro cardiaco y anestesia / Cardiac arrest and anaesths

Febrero 3 , 2016. No. 2226

Paro cardiaco perioperatorio y relacionado con anestesia en países de alto y bajo ingreso. Revisión sistemática con meta regresión y meta-análisis proporcional Anesthesia-Related and Perioperative Cardiac Arrest in Low- and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression and Proportional Meta-Analysis. Koga FA, El Dib R, Wakasugui W, Roça CT, Corrente JE, Braz MG, Braz JR, Braz LG. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(36):e1465. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001465. Abstract The anesthesia-related cardiac arrest (CA) rate is a quality indicator to improve patient safety in the perioperative period. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the worldwide literature related to anesthesia-related CA rate has not yet been performed.This study aimed to analyze global data on anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates according to country's Human Development Index (HDI) and by time. In addition, we compared the anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates in low- and high-income countries in 2 time periods.A systematic review was performed using electronic databases to identify studies in which patients underwent anesthesia with anesthesia-related and/or perioperative CA rates. Both anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates decrease with increasing HDI but not with time. There is a clear and consistent reduction in anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates in high-HDI countries, but an increase inperioperative CA rates without significant alteration in the anesthesia-related CA rates in low-HDI countries comparing the 2 time periods. PDF

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org Copyright © 2015

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