Resveratrol Stimulates the Expression of Beneficial Fat Hormone / Up-regulation of Adiponectin by Resveratrol

Fuente: http://www.ahealthblog.com/resveratrol-stimulates-the-expression-of-beneficial-fat-hormone.html

Resveratrol Stimulates the Expression of Beneficial Fat Hormone

Resveratrol Stimulates the Expression of Beneficial Fat Hormone

Resveratrol, a compound in grapes, displays antioxidant and other positive properties. Researchers describe a novel way in which resveratrol exerts these beneficial health effects.

Resveratrol stimulates the expression of adiponectin, a hormone derived from cells that manufacture and store fat, the team found. Adiponectin has a wide range of beneficial effects on obesity-related medical complications, said senior author Feng Liu.

Both adiponectin and resveratrol display anti-obesity, anti-insulin resistance and anti-aging properties.

“Results from these studies should be of interest to those who are obese, diabetic and growing older,” Dr. Liu said. “The findings should also provide important information on the development of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of these diseases.”

Previous studies

In July 2009 in the journal Nature, the Barshop Institute and collaborators reported that the compound rapamycin extended life in mice. Rapamycin, like resveratrol, is under scrutiny for its beneficial health effects.

In 2010, Dr. Liu and colleagues announced that resveratrol inhibits activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This discovery was included in the prestigious Faculty of 1000 (F1000), a service that identifies and evaluates the most important articles in biology and medical research publications. The selection process involves a peer-nominated global “faculty” of the world’s leading scientists and clinicians who rate the best of the articles they read and explain their importance.

A reviewer said the study, which appeared in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, would open up work in a new area: explaining how resveratrol and rapamycin synergistically achieve their results.

Reference for: Resveratrol Stimulates the Expression of Beneficial Fat Hormone

Fuente:   http://www.jbc.org/content/286/1/60

Up-regulation of Adiponectin by Resveratrol

THE ESSENTIAL ROLES OF THE Akt/FOXO1 AND AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND DsbA-L*

1. Anping Wang^‡§, 
2. Meilian Liu^§,¹, 
3. Xianling Liu^‡, 
4. Lily Q. Dong^¶,
5. Randolph D. Glickman^‖, 
6. Thomas J. Slaga^§, 
7. Zhiguang Zhou^‡ and
8. Feng Liu^‡§,²

+Author Affiliations

1. From the ^‡Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, China and
2. the Departments of ^§Pharmacology,
3. ^¶Cellular and Structural Biology, and
4. ^‖Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229

1. 1 To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: lium2@uthscsa.edu.
2. 2 To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: liuf@uthscsa.edu.

Abstract

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) displays a wide spectrum of health beneficial activities, yet the precise mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Here we show that RSV promotes the multimerization and cellular levels of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The stimulatory effect of RSV was not affected by knocking out Sirt1, but was diminished by suppressing the expression levels of DsbA-L, a recently identified adiponectin-interactive protein that promotes adiponectin multimerization. Suppression of the Akt signaling pathway resulted in an increase in the expression levels of DsbA-L and adiponectin. On the other hand, knocking out FOXO1 or suppressing the activity or expression levels of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) down-regulated DsbA-L and adiponectin. The stimulatory effect of RSV on adiponectin and DsbA-L expression was completely diminished in FOXO1-suppressed and AMPK-inactivated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RSV promotes adiponectin multimerization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a Sirt1-independent mechanism. In addition, we show that the stimulatory effect of RSV is regulated by both the Akt/FOXO1 and the AMPK signaling pathways. Last, we show that DsbA-L plays a critical role in the promoting effect of RSV on adiponectin multimerization and cellular levels.

• Adipocyte
 
• Akt PKB
 
• AMP-activated Kinase (AMPK)
 
• Insulin
• Resveratrol
 
• DsbA-L
 
• Adiponectin

Footnotes

• ↵* This work was supported, in whole or in part, by National Institutes of Health Grants RO1 DK76902 (to F. L.) and DK69930 (to L. Q. D.) and a Research Award from the San Antonio Life Sciences Institute (SALSI) (to T. J. S., R. D. G., and F. L.).

• Received September 23, 2010.
• Revision received October 25, 2010.

• © 2011 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Articles citing this article

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XXIII Congreso internacional cubano de Ortopedia y Traumatología, la III Reunión binacional Cuba-México y el I Simposio cubano - argentino

Fuente: http://promociondeeventos.sld.cu/ortopedia2012/

03-08-2012

Sesionará en La Habana el XXIII Congreso internacional cubano de Ortopedia y Traumatología en septiembre del 2012 en La Habana

Sesionarán en La Habana el XXIII Congreso internacional cubano de Ortopedia y Traumatología, la III Reunión binacional Cuba-México y el I Simposio cubano - argentino, que tendrán lugar del 24 al 29 de septiembre de 2012, en el Centro de Eventos ORTOP, del Complejo científico ortopédico internacional Frank País. Entre las temáticas principales de este encuentro se encuentran: Artroscopía de miembros superiores, fijación externa en los desastres naturales, avances en la artroplastia total en miembros superiores y complicaciones de las fracturas en niños y traumatología y sus resultados en el deporte.

Convocatoria

Estimados Colegas,

Es un gran honor para nosotros anunciarles nuestro XXIII Congreso Internacional Cubano de Ortopedia y Traumatología y la III Reunión Binacional Cuba-México y el I Simposio Cubano – Argentino, que tendrán lugar del 24 al 29 de septiembre de 2012, en el Centro de Eventos ORTOP, del Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional “Frank País”, en La Habana, Cuba.

El XXIII Congreso Internacional Cubano de Ortopedia y Traumatología y la III Reunión Binacional Cuba-México está organizado por la Sociedad Cubana de Ortopedia y Traumatología (SCOT) y auspiciado por Asociación Mexicana de Ortopedia y Traumatología (AMOT), la Federación Mexicana  de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatológica (FEMECOT), y la Sociedad Internacional de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatológica (SICOT).

Este evento está dirigido a reunir a toda la familia de ortopédicos para estrechar lazos y actualizar criterios y conceptos relacionados con la ortopedia mundial, y así establecer las bases para futuras colaboraciones y programas de desarrollo en conjunto.

Entre las temáticas principales de este encuentro se encuentran: la artroscopía de miembros superiores, la fijación externa en los desastres naturales, los avances en la artroplastia total en miembros superiores y las complicaciones de las fracturas en niños, la traumatología y sus resultados en el deporte.

Atentamente,

Prof. Dr. Sc. Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras
Presidente de la Sociedad Cubana de Ortopedia y Traumatología
Delegado de Cuba a la SICOT
Presidente del Congreso

Fuente: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/27/knee-replacement-may-be-a-lifesaver-for-some/

FEBRUARY 27, 2012, 5:49 PM 113 Comments

Knee Replacement May Be a Lifesaver for Some

By TARA PARKER-POPE

Stuart Bradford

By the time 64-year-old Laura Milson decided to undergo total knee replacement after 12 years of suffering from arthritis, even a short walk to the office printer was a struggle.

After her surgery last August at the Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, Ms. Milson spent a week in rehabilitation and says she hasn’t stopped walking since. “My son says to me, ‘You have to slow down,’ and I say, ‘No, I have to catch up!,’ ” she said. “It’s a whole different life.”

For Ms. Milson, who lives in Shrewsbury, Pa., replacing the joint in her right knee came with a surprising bonus: a 20-pound weight loss in two months. “I joked with my doctor, ‘I think you put a diet chip in my knee,’ ” she said. “The weight just sort of came off.”

Now she has joined Weight Watchers to drop a few extra pounds and is training for a three-day breast cancer walk in October.

For years surgeons have boasted of the pain relief and improved quality of life that often follow knee replacement. But now new research suggests that for some patients, knee replacement surgery can actually save their lives.

In a sweeping study of Medicare records, researchers from Philadelphia and Menlo Park, Calif., examined the effects of joint replacement among nearly 135,000 patients with new diagnoses of osteoarthritis of the knee from 1997 to 2009. About 54,000 opted for knee replacement; 81,000 did not.

Three years after diagnosis, the knee replacement patients had an 11 percent lower risk of heart failure. And after seven years, their risk of dying for any reason was 50 percent lower.

The study, presented this month at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, was financed with a grant from a knee replacement manufacturer. It was not randomized, so it may be that these patients were healthier and more active to start with.

Still, the researchers did try to control for differences in age and overall health. And the findings are consistent with large studies of knee replacement and mortality in Scandinavia. Given the big numbers in the study and the size of the effect, the data strongly suggest that knee replacement may lead to improvements in health and longevity.

The theory behind knee replacement, said the study’s lead author, Scott Lovald, senior associate at Exponent, a scientific consulting firm in Menlo Park, is that it improves quality of life. “At the end of the day, we’re trying to figure out if quantity of life increases as well,” he added, noting that the team was conducting a similar review of Medicare data on the long-term benefits of hip replacement surgery.

The founder of the Rothman Institute, Dr. Richard H. Rothman, who has performed 25,000 joint replacement surgeries in his career, urged caution in interpreting data that are not randomized and controlled. Not every patient with knee arthritis is a candidate for joint replacement surgery, he said.

“People can tolerate a lot of knee disability for reasons we don’t totally understand,” he went on, adding, “If the pain is acceptable, you live with it; if it’s not acceptable, we’ll operate on you.”

Dr. Rothman said that whether patients experience better health after surgery depends on motivation — how motivated they were to stay fit before surgery and how motivated they are now to become more active.

“For the motivated patient, it allows them to walk through that portal and become better conditioned and lose weight,” he said. “It’s not a weight-reduction program. It’s a potential avenue to improve your level of fitness, weight, cardiovascular health and mental health.”

Edward Moore, a 94-year-old retired chemist in Woodbury, N.J., underwent knee replacement three years ago after pain began limiting his activity. Given his age, his own daughter had worried that the recovery would be too difficult. But Dr. Rothman agreed he was healthy enough for the procedure.

“I didn’t do much mulling about it,” Mr. Moore said. “It just seemed like the knee would be hampering me for the rest of my life, and that sounded like a bad idea.”

Mr. Moore said he had an uneventful recovery, and in September, two days after his 94th birthday, he took his wind surfer to Lakes Bay near Atlantic City. “I got up on the board, and I sailed,” he said.

William Mills, 63, of Philadelphia, had been suffering for about four years with severe pain in both knees when he opted for double knee replacement in 2006. He said his activity had dropped off, and while he could still play golf, he could no longer walk the course. Even going to a restaurant had become a burden if he couldn’t find a parking space nearby.

“I think one of the things people don’t understand about knees is how bad it is,” said Mr. Mills, a bank executive. “It changes everything. I couldn’t walk two city blocks. It was just slowly but surely changing my life where I was unable to really enjoy things.”

But while the rehabilitation of both knees was “the hardest thing I’ve ever done in my life,” he has no regrets. Six months after surgery he took part in a 250-mile bike ride in Germany. He has made a few compromises — he no longer skis, and plays doubles tennis instead of singles — but he says he now rarely thinks about his knees.

“Before surgery, I felt like I was 10 or 15 years older than I was,” he said. “Now I probably feel like I’m 10 or 15 years younger than I am.

“I can understand why people might live longer, because you want to. You really feel good again.”

Finding Inspiration in a Doctor’s Legacy

Fuente: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/giving/charity-helps-children-with-clubfoot-without-surgery.html?pagewanted=all

Finding Inspiration in a Doctor’s Legacy

By BARRY MEIER

Published: November 1, 2011

• 
  

MY morning sprint through the pages of this newspaper typically goes like this: the front page, the corrections, the sports section (during baseball season) and the obituaries.

Enlarge This Image

Stephen Mally for The New York Times

A 5K race for a clubfoot charity included Trista Thompson, 6, once a patient. More Photos »

Multimedia

Slide Show

Setting a Clubfoot Straight

Two years ago, a photograph on the obituary page stopped me cold. It showed what looked like a display of talismans, objects that resembled “milagros,” the tiny tin replicas of legs, arms and other body parts that supplicants in Mexico and Central America pin to religious statues in the hope of curing a loved one.

These were medical tools, though, miniature plaster casts used to treat infants born with clubfoot, a crippling birth defect. The obituary, beautifully written by my colleague Douglas Martin, recounted the life of Dr. Ignacio Ponseti, a Spanish-born orthopedic expert who had created a nonsurgical cure for clubfoot.

As a reporter covering medicine, I often see its disheartening sides: overhyped drugs, “breakthrough” procedures that prove disastrous and the consequences that the financial dance between doctors and industry can have on patients.

I have also encountered heroes, and Dr. Ponseti soon joined them, his life a testament to the value of service and the power of simplicity. It made me think about what I could do to help make things a bit better.

Bear with me, though, because this is a confession, not a shoulder pat.

Clubfoot, which affects about 200,000 infants a year, is a horribly disabling birth defect, one that can doom a child born in a poor country to a marginal life. In the condition, one or both feet are turned inward and down, forcing afflicted people to walk clumsily on the sides of their feet.

The cure developed by Dr. Ponseti in the 1950s relies on physical manipulation. In each step of the treatment, a child’s clubfoot is stretched and turned slightly outward, and a hip-to-foot plaster cast, like the ones shown in the photograph, is then applied. After about five weeks, the foot is remolded; a child then wears a brace for a few years while bones mature.

Dr. Ponseti’s story was even more compelling because the medical establishment had ignored him, not just for a few years but for five decades. Surgery remained the treatment of choice, though it was performed largely only in wealthier countries and could leave a patient with a limp.

As Dr. Ponseti put it, surgeons love “their little knives.” The parents of children cured using his technique helped change things about a decade ago by taking to the Internet to spread the word. And it even gets better: the Ponseti method, as it is known, can be taught to nondoctors, making it a treatment that can be readily transferred anywhere in the world.

As I finished the physician’s obituary, my head was spinning. In 2006, three years before the doctor’s death at age 95, the Ponseti International Association was created at the University of Iowa, where Dr. Ponseti had practiced. Its mission is simple — to train doctors and health care workers in the Ponseti method.

So I wondered, how could I help? How much money should I donate? Could I learn the technique? And if so, where would I go? For weeks, such thoughts and fantasies kept rolling around. Then, as can happen with our better instincts, they disappeared beneath the immediate demands of family, work and self.

Now, fast-forward to this fall, around the start of the Jewish New Year. An editor asked me, or so I thought, what I was doing for “forgiving.” I thought it was a reference to the holidays, then realized it was invitation to contribute to this section, Giving.

I immediately though of Dr. Ponseti, and my enthusiasm and regrets about him welled up. Here was a chance to write about the philanthropic legacy of his work.

That story is also an inspiring one, filled with people, including disciples of Dr. Ponseti, who are training hundreds of medical professionals in his technique. But the philanthropic support for that effort, much like the fate that befell the Ponseti method for so long, remains very much in the shadows.

In recent years, the Ponseti International Association has received only about $350,000 annually, with $250,000 of that sum coming from a couple in Minneapolis, Robert and Molly Whitmore. (By comparison, the Smile Train, a charity that works to treat another common birth defect, cleft palate, received $102 million in contributions and grants in 2009 and has celebrity supporters like Christie Brinkley, Tom Brokaw and Helena Bonham Carter.)

Mr. Whitmore, the chief technology officer of Seagate, a maker of computer hardware, said he and his wife were inspired to get involved by his father, an orthopedic specialist who had studied under Dr. Ponseti.

Since his retirement in 2006, Dr. William Whitmore, now 79, has traveled to Greece, Rwanda and the Philippines to train people in the Ponseti method.

“The thing that floored us was my dad,” Mr. Whitmore said. “It is a perfect thing to eradicate clubfoot, a terrible deformity, in such an inexpensive, low-tech way.”

Mr. Whitmore said he had also tried to help the organization with his business expertise, helping it to devise a fund-raising plan. It hasn’t been easy, he added, because Dr. Ponseti, while he was alive, was more interested in research than promoting his work. That role has fallen to his protégé, Dr. Jose Morcuende, who is now the chief medical officer of the Ponseti International Association.

Dr. Morcuende said the organization’s program was growing. Discussions are under way to start a training program throughout Mexico, and similar efforts have started or are about to start in the Philippines, Romania and India.

The organization’s vision, Dr. Morcuende explained, is to create a cadre of trained doctors and health care workers in every country, a permanent medical infrastructure to treat the 200,000 new cases of clubfoot that will occur every year.

“We need about 4,000 to 5,000 good, well-trained people,” he said. Currently, that group stands about 1,500 strong and he estimates that it will take seven to 10 years and about $20 million to bring it to full force.

Some children with clubfoot will continue to require surgery. But Dr. Morcuende said studies have indicated that the Ponseti method works in up to 98 percent of cases, though it needs to be performed precisely and followed up rigorously to prevent a relapse. By medical standards, such success is impressive and some of Dr. Ponseti’s disciples have found that the technique has been used on older children, including some who were teenagers.

A doctor is needed to perform a minor procedure after the work of manipulating and casting the foot has finished. So as I spoke to Dr. Morcuende, I worked our conversation around to the issue about which I had obsessed when reading his mentor’s obituary: Could anyone be trained in the Ponseti method?

No, was his answer. One needed to understand the foot’s complex anatomy, and so physical therapists or hospital workers skilled in making casts are best suited for training.

I was a little disappointed. But that’s O.K. There is always writing and donating money. And that’s good, because those are things I can do.

A version of this article appeared in print on November 2, 2011, on page F10 of the New York edition with the headline: Finding Inspiration in a Doctor’s Legacy.

Ignacio Ponseti, Hero to Many With Clubfoot

Fuente: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/24/health/research/24ponseti.html

Ignacio Ponseti, Hero to Many With Clubfoot, Dies at 95

By DOUGLAS MARTIN

Published: October 23, 2009

Dr. Ignacio V. Ponseti, an orthopedist whose gentle, nonsurgical method of correcting clubfoot has become the global standard for treatment, helping thousands of children to walk, died Sunday in Iowa City. He was 95.

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Susan McClellen/University of Iowa

Dr. Ignacio V. Ponseti using a skeletal model of a foot to explain his clubfoot treatment method.

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University of Iowa Department Of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation

Dr. Ponseti's method involved gentle manipulation and the use of casts, shown here.

The cause was a stroke he suffered Tuesday while working in his office, said Tom Moore, a spokesman for theUniversity of Iowa, where Dr. Ponseti taught and practiced.

Dr. Ponseti came up with his method after realizing that surgery for clubfoot actually did harm. Drawing on his experience tending to the wounded in the Spanish Civil War, he found that a regimen of plaster casts, braces and manipulations by hand could avoid the costs and aftereffects of surgery.

Nearly 200,000 children are born every year with clubfoot, a vast majority of them in developing countries. The condition is a birth defect in which the feet are twisted down and inward, making them look like golf clubs with the club heads turned to face each other. It can affect one or both feet. Without treatment, the afflicted appear to walk on their ankles or the sides of their feet.

In the early 1940s, Dr. Ponseti’s research showed that the most common treatment, surgery, could leave a child with stiff ankles and a limp. His alternative involved slowly and gradually straightening and rotating each twisted foot toward its normal position.

The method was applied in stages. After each treatment, he would immobilize a child’s leg with a toe-to-groin plaster cast. A week later, he would remove the cast and shape the malleable foot a bit more, then replace the cast. The treatment would last three to five weeks.

The child would wear a special brace 23 hours a day for three months and then, for two or three years, limit its use to overnight and nap time.

Though Dr. Ponseti devised his treatment a half-century ago, it became popular only in the 1990s, when parents of afflicted children spread word about it over the Internet. Orthopedists found themselves responding to requests for the Ponseti method rather than ordering surgery.

The procedure cures clubfoot in more than 95 percent of cases, said Dr. Jose Morcuende, director of the Ponseti Clubfoot Center at the University of Iowa, citing 25 papers over the last eight years. Dr. Morcuende said a study soon to be published would show that the incidence of surgery for clubfoot had declined 90 percent over the last five or six years, as doctors switched to the Ponseti method.

The method has been endorsed by the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health and the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Dr. Wallace B. Lehman, chief of pediatric orthopedic surgery at N.Y.U. Hospital for Joint Diseases, said in an interview Wednesday that the method had “saved countless, countless feet of crippled babies.” In 2001, Dr. Lehman named his hospital’s clubfoot treatment center for Dr. Ponseti.

Dr. Ponseti brought an unusual background to his trailblazing medical work. He thought his delicate touch might have come in part from his youth in Spain, where he worked with his father, a watchmaker, in Barcelona. Later, as a surgeon for the government forces battling the Franco rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, he treated as many as 4,000 wounded soldiers, many with broken bones.

Ignacio Vives Ponseti was born on Minorca, an island off Spain’s Mediterranean coast, on June 3, 1914. His family moved to Barcelona when he was 8. He recalled seeing Picasso’s art and hearing Casals’ cello there. In 1936, he graduated from the University of Barcelona medical school a day before the Spanish Civil War started. Two days later he joined the Republican Army as a surgeon.

After Franco gained control of the fighting in 1939, Dr. Ponseti escaped to France, but only after working for three days to set the fractures of 40 wounded soldiers. With the help of local smugglers, he transported the 40 by mule over the Pyrenees. Penniless, he found his way to Mexico, where he became a village doctor.

Dr. Ponseti went to the University of Iowa in 1941 after a Mexican orthopedist had referred him to the chairman of its orthopedics department. His residency was in orthopedics, and clubfoot quickly became a major interest.

In one research project, he studied outcomes of clubfoot surgery over a 20-year period. After finding that surgery had rarely left a child without impairments, he pondered less invasive treatments, testing them with infants in his clinic.

He seemed to have special gifts, particularly an ability to visualize the interior of a foot and ankle by feeling with his hands. “It’s a little bit like playing the piano,” he said.

Dr. Lehman called the technique “arty” and “counterintuitive,” declaring, “The ordinary surgeon can’t do it.”

But it can be taught, and Dr. Lehman himself was teaching it when he paused to be interviewed by telephone from Israel while on a trip to the Middle East. Dr. Lehman had brought with him six of the flexible acrylic models that Dr. Ponseti developed and was providing them to doctors, Jordanians and Palestinians among them, to practice on. All but five models had disappeared, a “theft” that Dr. Lehman heartily applauded.

Dr. Morcuende, of the University of Iowa, said 80 percent of clubfoot cases were in developing countries, many in Africa. Because doctors are in short supply in those countries, medical technicians there are being trained in the treatment, he said.

By the 1990s, Dr. Ponseti and his colleagues had treated more than 2,000 cases of clubfoot. But he was frustrated that although his method had long before been described in medical journals, more doctors were not using it.

Part of the reason, Dr. Lehman said, was that there had been other manipulation and casting methods, many manifestly ineffective. In an interview with The Chicago Tribune in 2006, Dr. Ponseti offered a more cynical explanation. “Surgeons love their little knives,” he said.

So Dr. Ponseti put his story out, in many ways. He held teaching clinics all over the world and wrote a book, “Congenital Clubfoot: Fundamentals of Treatment” (Oxford, 1996). He helped found the Ponseti International Association for the Advancement of Clubfoot Treatment, whose Web site became an important source of knowledge. Scores of doctors went to Iowa City to learn at his side.

And the tide turned. At Iowa, the number of children arriving for treatment increased tenfold, to 150 a year. Orthopedists elsewhere picked up the procedure.

With the news of Dr. Ponseti’s death, parents have expressed gratitude and condolences on the Ponseti association’s Web site, www.ponseti.info. Earlier, Dr. Ponseti said he had been touched by a gift they gave him: a T-shirt with the footprints of babies whose clubfeet he had cured.

A version of this article appeared in print on October 24, 2009, on page A19 of the New York edition.

Drogas, dopaje y atletas

Uso de anfetaminas y sus factores asociados en fisicoculturistas: un estudio de Terán, Irán.  Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran. Angoorani H, Narenjiha H, Tayyebi B, Ghassabian A, Ahmadi G, Assari S. Iranian Research Center for Substance Abuse and Dependence (IRCSAD), University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran. Arch Med Sci. 2012 May 9;8(2):362-7. Abstract INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies on all types of illicit drug use among athletes are essential for both the sport community and drug control achievements. Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders in Tehran, Iran, 2007.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a substance use survey done in 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran (capital city of Iran). The survey was conducted from November 2007 to January 2008 and included 843 randomly selected bodybuilders (aged 40 years or less). By interviews via questionnaires the following data were obtained: age, job, marital status, education level, housing status, average monthly family income, number of family members, gymnasium area (m(2)), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), monthly cost of the sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, and history of anabolic steroid and amphetamine use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty (13.3%) body builders reported a history of amphetamine use. According to the results of regression analysis, being married (risk ratio - RR = 0.540), and participating in body building to enhance self-esteem (RR = 0.423) or to enhance sport performance (RR = 0.545) had protective effects on amphetamine use. However, having university qualifications (RR = 1.843), using anabolic steroids (RR = 1.803) and participating in sport to maintain fitness (RR = 2.472) were linked to increased risk of amphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS: Well-educated bodybuilders were more likely to use amphetamines, and why this is so needs to be discovered. If further studies show that they are not aware of the dangers associated with amphetamine use, providing them with information should be considered. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361051/pdf/AMS-8-18565.pdf  ¿Existe un peligro para la miopía en la educación contra el dopaje? Análisis comparativo del uso y abuso de sustancias en los deportes de raqueta Olímpicos requiere un enfoque más amplio.  Is there a danger for myopia in anti-doping education? Comparative analysis of substance use and misuse in Olympic racket sports calls for a broader approach. Kondric M, Sekulic D, Petroczi A, Ostojic L, Rodek J, Ostojic Z. Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011 Oct 11;6:27. Abstract BACKGROUND: Racket sports are typically not associated with doping. Despite the common characteristics of being non-contact and mostly individual, racket sports differ in their physiological demands, which might be reflected in substance use and misuse (SUM). The aim of this study was to investigate SUM among Slovenian Olympic racket sport players in the context of educational, sociodemographic and sport-specific factors. METHODS: Elite athletes (N=187; mean age=22±2.3; 64% male) representing one of the three racket sports, table tennis, badminton, and tennis, completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire on substance use habits. Athletes in this sample had participated in at least one of the two most recent competitions at the highest national level and had no significant difference in competitive achievement or status within their sport. RESULTS: A significant proportion of athletes (46% for both sexes) reported using nutritional supplements. Between 10% and 24% of the studied males would use doping if the practice would help them achieve better results in competition and if it had no negative health consequences; a further 5% to 10% indicated potential doping behaviour regardless of potential health hazards. Females were generally less oriented toward SUM than their male counterparts with no significant differences between sports, except for badminton players. Substances that have no direct effect on sport performance (if timed carefully to avoid detrimental effects) are more commonly consumed (20% binge drink at least once a week and 18% report using opioids), whereas athletes avoid substances that can impair and threaten athletic achievement by decreasing physical capacities (e.g. cigarettes), violating anti-doping codes or potentially transgressing substance control laws (e.g. opiates and cannabinoids). Regarding doping issues, athletes' trust in their coaches and physicians is low. CONCLUSION: SUM in sports spreads beyond doping-prone sports and drugs that enhance athletic performance. Current anti-doping education, focusing exclusively on rules and fair play, creates an increasingly widening gap between sports and the athletes' lives outside of sports. To avoid myopia, anti-doping programmes should adopt a holistic approach to prevent substance use in sports for the sake of the athletes' health as much as for the integrity of sports. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204239/pdf/1747-597X-6-27.pdf   Ejercicio y usos de drogas entre jóvenes Estadounidenses, 1991-2009.  Exercise and substance use among American youth, 1991-2009. Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.yterry@umich.edu Am J Prev Med. 2011 May;40(5):530-40. Abstract BACKGROUND: The National Institute on Drug Abuse has called for increased research into the use of physical activity in substance abuse prevention, specifically research into physical activity type and context. PURPOSE: This paper examines the relationships between (1) secondary school student substance use and (2) exercise in general and school athletic team participation, and examines such relationships over time. METHODS: Nationally representative cross-sectional samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students were surveyed each year from 1991 to 2009. Substance use measures included past 2-week binge drinking and past 30-day alcohol, cigarette, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and steroid use. Analyses were conducted during 2009-2010. RESULTS: Across grades, higher levels of exercise were associated with lower levels of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Higher levels of athletic team participation were associated with higher levels of smokeless tobacco use and lower levels of cigarette and marijuana use across grades and to higher levels of high school alcohol and steroid use. Exercise helped suppress the undesired relationship between team participation and alcohol use; exercise and athletic team participation worked synergistically in lowering cigarette and marijuana use. Observed relationships were generally stable across time. CONCLUSIONS: There appear to be substantive differences between exercise and team sport participation in relation to adolescent substance use. These findings from cross-sectional data suggest that interventions to improve levels of general physical activity should be evaluated to determine if they help delay or reduce substance use among youth in general as well as among student athletes. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167387/pdf/nihms284885.pdf

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