domingo, 16 de enero de 2011

Administrar dos dosis de vacuna puede prevenir mejor la varicela

VACUNAS

Administrar dos dosis de vacuna puede prevenir mejor la varicela

JANO.es y agencias · 14 Enero 2011 13:46
V

Investigadores de Yale demuestran que esta doble dosis reduce en un 95% las posibilidades de desarrollar la enfermedad.

Administrar una dosis doble de vacuna contra la varicela a los niños es más efectivo que protegerles con una sola, según un grupo de investigadores de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Yale, quienes aseguran que recibir doble dosis reduce un 95% las posibilidades de desarrollar esta enfermedad. La investigación se publicará el 1 de febrero en Journal of Infectious Diseases, aunque ya está disponible en su versión online.
Los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de Estados Unidos comenzaron, en 1995, recomendando una sola dosis de vacuna contra la varicela para los niños de entre 1 y 13 años. Las tasas de varicela infantil bajaron entonces drásticamente y diversos estudios demostraron que la efectividad de una dosis era, aproximadamente, del 86%.
Sin embargo, entonces todavía existía una alta tasa de varicela entre los niños inmunizados con la vacuna. Por este motivo, el CDC cambió su política de inmunización frente a esta enfermedad en 2006, añadiendo una segunda dosis para niños entre los 4 y los 6 años.
Efectividad del 98%
Este estudio, liderado por Eugene D. Shapiro, profesor del Departamento de Pediatría en Yale y sus colaboradores de las universidades de Yale y Columbia, ha demostrado que la efectividad de administrar dos dosis es del 98,3%.
Anteriores estudios habían sugerido que dos dosis de vacuna de la varicela estaban vinculadas con el logro de mayores niveles de anticuerpos que con una sola. Sin embargo, ésta es la primera investigación que evalúa la efectividad clínica de dos dosis de vacuna en población general.
En una encuesta realizada entre niños de Connecticut, en Estados Unidos, Shapiro y su equipo descubrieron 71 casos de varicela en niños de cuatro años y más mayores. Ninguno de estos niños había recibido dos dosis de vacuna; el 93% (66 menores) había recibido una dosis y el 7% (5) no habían sido protegidos con la vacuna.
Según ha explicado Shapiro, no están sorprendidos "por haber descubierto que dos dosis de vacuna de la varicela son más efectivas y tienen más posibilidades de prevenir la enfermedad que una única dosis". "Los resultados de este estudio confirman que, al menos a corto plazo, administrar de forma rutinaria dos dosis es sensato. Otros países podrían también considerar la aplicación de esta opción".
Sin embargo, dado que han pasado sólo cuatro años desde que el CDC cambió su política de prevención de la varicela, Shapiro recomienda también continuar controlando el efecto de la doble dosis para asegurar que su mayor grado de efectividad se mantiene en el tiempo.


J Infect Dis (2011); 203 (3): 312-315

Los tomates podrían prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares

CARDIOLOGÍA

Los tomates podrían prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares

JANO.es y agencias · 14 Enero 2011 13:48
V

Una investigación japonesa identifica en la hortaliza un nutriente eficaz para prevenir este tipo de patologías.

Científicos de la Universidad de Kyoto, en Japón, han descubierto que los tomates contienen un nutriente que puede prevenir la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Concretamente, el trabajo, publicado en Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, revela que el ácido 9-oxo-octadecadienoico tiene un efecto anti-dislipidémico.
El equipo dirigido por el investigador Teruo Kawada y respaldado por el Programa de Investigación y Desarrollo de Iniciativas en Bioindustria, en Japón, centró su estudio en un extracto que frena la dislipidemia, una condición causada por una cantidad anormal de lípidos, como el colesterol o la grasa, en la sangre.
Según explica Kawada, "la dislipidemia en sí suele no causar síntomas". "Sin embargo -dice- puede generar enfermedades vasculares sintomáticas, como la arterioesclerosis o la cirrosis". "Para prevenir estas enfermedades es importante prevenir el incremento de la acumulación de lípidos", señala.
Se sabe que los tomates contienen muchos compuestos beneficiosos para la salud. En este estudio se analizó, en concreto, el ácido 9-oxo-octadecadienoico para comprobar su potenciales propiedades anti-dislipidémicas.
Así, descubrieron que este compuesto aumenta la oxidación de los ácidos grasos y contribuye a la regulación del metabolismo lipídico hepático, lo que sugiere que el ácido 9-oxo-octadecadienoico podría tener efectos anti-dislipidemia y por lo tanto, podría prevenir las enfermedades vasculares.
"Encontrando un compuesto que ayude a prevenir las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la obesidad en los alimentos se conseguiría un gran avance en la tarea de frenar esta enfermedad", afirma Kawada, quien añade que el tomate "permitirá a los pacientes manejar más fácilmente la aparición de la dislipidemia a través de la dieta diaria".


Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (2011); doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000264

La punción lumbar ayudará a diagnosticar el Alzheimer en fase inicial

EUROLOGÍA

La punción lumbar ayudará a diagnosticar el Alzheimer en fase inicial

JANO.es y agencias · 14 Enero 2011 14:00
V

El análisis del líquido cefalorraquídeo puede ayudar a confirmar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, aseguran desde la SEN.

El Alzheimer se diagnostica en la mayoría de casos cuando la enfermedad ya está avanzada, aunque el uso de nuevas técnicas, como la punción lumbar, ayudará a los especialistas a diagnosticar "con seguridad" a más pacientes en fases iniciales, según asegura el doctor Pablo Martínez-Lage, coordinador del Grupo de Estudio de Conducta y Demencia de la Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN).
"No existe miedo pero sí inseguridad a la hora de hacer un diagnóstico de Alzheimer", reconoce este experto, ya que "existe cierta incredulidad a la hora de aplicar las últimas técnicas diagnósticas".
No obstante, reconoce que en los próximos años los expertos deberán acostumbrarse a aplicar "como prueba de diagnóstico" la punción lumbar, tras haber comprobado que el análisis del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) puede ayudar a hacer un diagnóstico "en personas que todavía no han desarrollado demencia".
En concreto, explica Martínez-Lage, los pacientes con Alzheimer tienen en su líquido cefalorraquídeo dos proteínas, la beta amiloide y la TAU, que se alteran en pacientes con Alzheimer, presentándose en cantidades reducidas y elevadas respectivamente. "Será una herramienta de apoyo a la sospecha diagnóstica, lo que eliminaría la necesidad del médico de esperar unos meses para ver si el enfermo empeora o no", asegura, ayudando a distinguir entre esta dolencia y una pérdida de memoria achacable a la edad.
Además, permitirá iniciar antes el tratamiento con las ventajas que esto conlleva. Con los fármacos que hay actualmente en el mercado la enfermedad se puede estabilizar entre 12 y 18 meses, y en el caso de aquellos pacientes que acaban ingresando en residencia, el ingreso se retrasa "hasta en dos y tres años".
Para ello, anima a los ciudadanos a acudir a la consulta en el primer momento de percibir síntomas iniciales como pérdida de memoria, trastornos de lenguaje o desorientación, previos a la posterior aparición de pérdida de autonomía ocasionada por el Alzheimer.

Crean un escáner biomédico que anticipa el funcionamiento defectuoso de los órganos

Crean un escáner biomédico que anticipa el funcionamiento defectuoso de los órganos

JANO.es y agencias · 13 Enero 2011 10:43

Un grupo de investigadores españoles ha diseñado un escáner biomédico que permite detectar procesos celulares a nivel molecular y mostrar el funcionamiento defectuoso de un órgano, antes de que esa disfunción produzca un cambio anatómico.El aparato detecta procesos celulares a nivel molecular e identifica disfunciones antes de que produzcan un cambio anatómico en el organismo.

El trabajo, desarrollado por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) y publicado recientemente en IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science y Physics in Medicine and Biology, se basa en "imágenes moleculares" y se encuentra en proceso de patente tras haber sido validado, mediante estudios experimentales, en el Hospital Gregorio Marañón de Madrid.
"Estas técnicas se diferencian de la imagen médica convencional en que la información que representan es función y no forma, es decir, que son capaces de mostrar el funcionamiento defectuoso de un órgano antes de que esa disfunción se convierta en un cambio anatómico, por lo que adelanta el momento de detección de una posible anomalía y facilita enormemente su tratamiento", explica uno de los autores principales, Juan José Vaquero, profesor del departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial de la UC3M.
La relevancia que ha cobrado la imagen molecular en los últimos años se debe principalmente, según los expertos, al "acercamiento" entre la biología molecular y las tecnologías de imagen y se espera que se produzca una "aceleración" en la transferencia de estas técnicas a la práctica clínica. Hoy en día, algunas de las características de la imagen molecular están presentes en técnicas de uso clínico en humanos como la imagen de medicina nuclear o la imagen de resonancia magnética
"La tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único, más conocida por su acrónimo anglosajón SPECT, es probablemente la técnica de imagen molecular más extendida en la práctica clínica y de ahí deriva el interés en disponer de sistemas preclínicos que permitan el estudio enfermedades humanas sobre modelos animales", detalla otro de los autores principales, Manuel Desco, profesor del departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial de la UC3M.

Arte y cultura

Arts

Students at the school operated by a choreographer, Ronen Izhaki, who directs Ka'et, a troupe of five Orthodox men.

Whirling Along The Borders Of Israeli Life

Contemporary dance is providing a meeting ground between Israel's secular world of performance and its strict Orthodox religious groups.

Pushing Petals Up and Down Park Ave.

Will Ryman's "Roses," featuring fiberglass and steel flowers rising 25 feet above Park Avenue, will be unveiled on Jan. 25.

The Way to Carnegie Hall? Success

The pianist Jonathan Biss is making his Carnegie Hall debut.

Fashion & Style

Amy Chua, author of
CULTURAL STUDIES

Retreat of the 'Tiger Mother'

A memoir about strict Chinese parenting reads as criticism of Western practices, but the author, Amy Chua, says some readers are missing the point.

Arts

Shirley Caesar at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center on Thursday.
MUSIC REVIEW

Improvising Concert Into Rousing Sermon

The gospel singer Shirley Caesar turns a concert into an inspiring sermon.
Tomasz Stanko Quartet Plus Chris Potter: Thomas Morgan, left, Mr. Stanko and Mr. Potter performed at the Jazz Standard on Thursday night.

Setting Leadership Aside For Collective Control

The Polish trumpeter Tomasz Stanko found a new dynamic with his quartet and Chris Potter at the Jazz Standard.

'Spider-Man' Producers Say Delay Is Justified

The producers of "Spider-Man" said the delay of the opening was justified by the complexity of the show

For Healing, Meals Made to Order

For Healing, Meals Made to Order

Nicole Bengiveno/The New York Times
TAKING REQUESTS Pnina Peled, executive chef at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. More Photos »
JULIEN COLLOT, who is 8 and has had leukemia, has been on a low-microbial diet since his two bone-marrow transplants, in 2006 and 2007. When he developed diabetes last year, he had to go low-fat and low-sugar as well.
So Pnina Peled, the executive chef atMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, makes Julien his beloved shrimp scampi with Promise, a butter substitute, and eggplant Parmesan using egg whites, whole-wheat bread crumbs and soy cheese. When Julien told Ms. Peled about his love of pumpkin spice cake, she presented him one baked with egg whites and applesauce. After he rejected the hospital’s whole-wheat ravioli, she hauled her pasta maker on the subway from Brooklyn to roll out a handmade version.
“She came in on her day off with a stack of cookbooks and sat with us to come up with a menu for him,” Julien’s mother, Jacqueline Collot, said the other day as her son relished whole-wheat spaghetti dressed with sesame oil and topped with green beans minced fine to look like scallions — Ms. Peled’s response to his stated craving for “unspicy spicy noodles.”
“What Pnina offers Julien is a combination of love of food and the freedom that was taken away for so long,” Ms. Collot added. “To see him interested in meals gives us great comfort.”
Ms. Peled, who came to Sloan-Kettering a year ago after working in some of the city’s finest restaurants and winning an episode of the popular Food Network show “Chopped,” is part of a revolution in hospital food. Bland broths, neon Jell-O and unidentifiable white-meat products are slowly becoming scarce. Instead, hospitals like the University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center have extensive room-service-like menus and give patients the freedom to order meals whenever they are hungry, while the kitchen staff at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis is happy to duplicate recipes provided by parents.
Sloan-Kettering patients, too, order meals from one of 75 room-service menus — kosher, halal, vegan, low-sodium, etc. But Ms. Peled said that when she started, she saw that patients who did not find anything appealing on the menu often would not eat at all, which motivated her to make the food service more flexible.
She has a team of 35 chefs from diverse backgrounds catering to the special requests of patients, particularly the younger ones, who come to the renowned cancer center from around the globe. In recent months, one chef has been serving dal, curries and rotis to a 16-year-old patient from India; another has made yellow rice for a 3-year-old Latino boy who wanted the version like his mother’s; and a third devised a menu of low-microbial foods for an 8-year-old girl from Italy who wanted dishes that reminded her of home, like fish Francese (it has a lemon sauce).
“There’s no substitute for a good diet, and appetizing food can make all the difference,” said Dr. Susan Prockop, a pediatric oncologist at Sloan-Kettering, noting that eating well can speed recovery and keep patients off intravenous nutrition.
Dominique Symonette, the registered dietitian in charge of pediatrics at the hospital, said that cancers, and chemotherapy, often result in mouth sores, nausea, vomiting and difficulty swallowing. Low-sodium, low-sugar and low-microbial diets — which limits raw and fresh food because of the risk of infection — are common for patients with compromised immune systems or those who are taking steroids or other medications long term.
Enter Chef Peled or one of her three sous-chefs, who spend an hour each afternoon meeting with pediatric patients and their parents to discuss food preferences. (Adult patients at Sloan-Kettering can also make personalized requests, but as the mother of a 2-year-old, Ms. Peled, 37, has a soft spot for sick children.) Veronica McLymont, director of food and nutrition services at the hospital, says the customized approach has not increased costs because when the children get what they want, less food is wasted.
Ryan Brennan, 17, was not very hungry during his second inpatient stint at Sloan-Kettering for sarcoma in the fall. So Ms. Peled made a pu pu platter-style tray with small amounts of items he enjoyed, like buffalo wings and vegetable skewers. “The meals stimulated my appetite,” Ryan said, “and I could push myself to eat because they tasted so good.”
Valerie Ramo said she was convinced that Ms. Peled was crucial to the recovery of her daughter, Joely, from a bone-marrow transplant in July. Doctors had warned that Joely, who was 8 and had spent two months at Sloan-Kettering being treated for severe aplasticanemia, would most likely be fed through a tube after the surgery. Instead, Ms. Peled fulfilled Joely’s wishes for pressed turkey and cheese sandwiches similar to the ones sold at Dunkin’ Donuts, a combination of strawberry daiquiri and piña colada mixers, and “takeout” pizza delivered to her hospital room in a pizza box.
“I think she ended up not needing it because of Pnina’s food,” Ms. Ramo said, referring to the intravenous nourishment. Joely said, “I can still eat what I love, and that makes me feel better and special.”
Now an outpatient, Joely says she looks forward to her doctor’s appointments several times a week because she can eat lunch at the hospital.
As soon as her health is more stable, she will return home to Fort Lauderdale, Fla. “I can’t wait to go home so I am with my dad and brothers again and I can see the roses on our front yard,” she said, “but I am going to miss Pnina’s cooking.”
Ms. Peled, who was born in Israel, grew up in Brooklyn helping out at her father’s doughnut shop and his two Israeli restaurants. After culinary school, she worked at restaurants including Becco and Eleven Madison Park, then became executive chef at Jolly Hotel Madison Towers (overseeing its Cinque Terre restaurant, among others). She switched to the hospital, she said, in hopes of making a bigger impact with cooking: “I didn’t feel like I was doing service to society by being a restaurant chef,” she said.
At Sloan-Kettering, Ms. Peled’s small office is filled with thank-you cards and pictures from patients, and as she walks through the pediatric ward, she is showered with compliments from children and their parents.
“Food is about bringing people together and making them happy,” she said. “I might not have realized this when I started my career, but to do that for people who have cancer is the reason I became a chef.”

The Grass Is Fake, but the Splendor Real

CITY CRITIC

The Grass Is Fake, but the Splendor Real

Emily Berl for The New York Times
The grass and trees in Park Here are fake, but some visitors stay all day. Margot Spiker and Patrick Kelly read by artificial light amid plastic foliage stapled to wooden trunks. More Photos »
Last Wednesday, the day of the snowpocalypse — or was it the snowmageddon, or the snow-my-God or whatever else the weather-fatigued headline writers had resorted to — Central Park was awash in white. Prospect Park in Brooklyn was a freezing no man’s land. And Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx was almost invisible under all that the wind had delivered.

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But at the park on Mulberry Street, between Kenmare and Spring in NoLIta, summer was just unfolding. Warm, happy people were peeling down to their T-shirts and soaking in the sunshine, while others were spreading picnic blankets and gazing up through the lush canopy of foliage. Some flopped down on the hearty carpet of green, curled up against one another and, lulled by the gentle chirping of birds, settled in for a nap.
It’s not truly a park, at least not in any sense that the parks department might recognize; it is the simulacrum of a park, an indoor copy that in weather like this becomes more real than the city’s broad but dormant expanses. The pseudopark, which occupies the Openhouse Gallery through the end of the month and which is open to the public every day from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., beckons visitors with a vibrant gardenlike environment and a warm, sunny glow (along with, at certain hours, food vendors like Luke’s Lobsterand Mexicue).
It’s no great feat of agricultural engineering. The floor covering is artificial turf, not sod, despite the example that “The New York Earth Room,” just a few blocks away, has set for decades. The trees are plastic foliage stapled to wooden trunks. The sunlight emanates from light boxes designed to treat seasonal affective disorder. The birds chirp through a sound system.
And beyond that? Park Here, as it’s called, is just the same white walls you see in any gallery, with exposed electric fixtures, hanging theatrical lights and a big industrial heating unit. It shouldn’t fool anyone. And yet it does: office workers looking for a break, couples looking for each other’s arms, the daily yoga class in the corner and, of course, the inevitable stroller brigade, all just relaxing and playing and letting down their guard in a way they would never do if the fake foliage was not there. Some arrive when the park opens and stay all day.
“This used to be an art gallery,” one of the picnickers told his barefoot friend.
“This is an art gallery,” she said authoritatively. “This is someone’s installation.”
Not quite. Openhouse calls itself a gallery but functions mostly as an events space, a rentable temporary home for pop-up shops, parties, publicity events and the like. The so-called installation is the work not of a solitary artist exploring the tension between nature and artifice but of a series of corporate partnerships set in motion by the people who run the place.
For Openhouse, then, Park Here is nothing revolutionary, just a clever way to keep the place’s name in circulation during a slow season. Fine. But for the people who amble in, flop down, spread out, lie on top of each other, flirt, relax, catch up or check out, it’s something more: an experiment in urban sociology.
Strolling around the place and watching the strangers at play, Dalton Conley, a New York University sociologist who has written about growing up in the city, observed that it was a quintessential New York phenomenon.
“One of the factors which, despite perceptions, makes it easy to parent here is that there are no backyards, so you’re not atomized,” Professor Conley said. “You just go to a park,” he said, and automatically find a bunch of other kids to play with. Parks have the same effect on adults, throwing them into close and easy proximity, and promoting unexpected social encounters.
Similar results have been achieved in other unnatural settings, most recently whenPipilotti Rist took over MoMA’s second-floor atrium with an oversize video installation and an enormous round couch on which viewers could just lie back and take it — and each other — all in. But that was under the protective cover of high art. It was critically sanctioned. It was safe. Park Here, in contrast, is just some random storefront, and the people flopped about it don’t necessarily have anything more in common than a preference for being inside to being outside. (Or is it the other way around?)
“As a permanent thing, people probably would say, ‘We need real grass,’ ” Professor Conley said. “But as a temporary thing, they accept the lack of verisimilitude. In fact, I bet some of it is ironic.”
Maybe it’s more fun, that is, because it’s more fake.
Or maybe, in a city so starved for nature that a stroll through a greenmarket can feel like a restorative encounter with the great outdoors, New Yorkers are simply willing to cling to whatever crude substitutes we can find. Maybe we are like those monkey babies in the psychology experiments who pathetically tried to hug a terrycloth doll. In the depths of a January snowstorm, even a terrycloth doll is better than nothing. And the results of this experiment suggest that the ability to respond to even such unconvincing stimuli is an adaptive trait for urban survival.
New Yorkers like to think no one can put anything over on them. But the field data from Park Here shows we enjoy putting one over on ourselves. At some point, during a long and lazy afternoon — sometime after lunch but before my nap — I sneezed. “Gesundheit,” said one of the people lounging by the seesaw. “Allergies,” said her friend.