Estos juegos olímpicos se están celebrando durante Agosto, periodo que obliga a los atletas islámicos a observar el Ramadán con ayuno diurno sin poder ingerir alimentos ni líquidos durante todo este mes. Este es otro reto a vencer de todos los competidores islámicos y no obstante que se ha demostrado que pocos aspectos físicos son afectados de manera negativa, se ha encontrado que la sensación de fatiga y el estado de ánimo implican estrés adicional en estos atletas. La mayoría de los estudios han demostrado que la eficacia de los atletas no se ve afectada durante la observancia del Ramadán.
En esta ocasión se envía un enlace a un video interesante y una serie de artículos científicos que han estudiado el efecto del prolongado ayuno diurno que hacen los atletas islámicos.
Sin duda, los atletas olímpicos se enfrentan no solo a sus oponentes de otros países, sino que deben de confrontar retos que los no deportistas no alcanzamos a ver durante este máximo espectáculo deportivo de la fiesta olímpica 2012.
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| El impacto de la observancia del Ramadán en el rendimiento deportivo. |
The Impact of Ramadan Observance upon Athletic Performance.
Shephard RJ.
Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Email: royjshep@shaw.ca ; Tel.: +1-604-898-5527 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +1-604-898-5527 end_of_the_skype_highlighting;
Nutrients. 2012 Jun;4(6):491-505. Epub 2012 Jun 7.
Abstract
Ramadan observance requires a total abstention from food and drink from sunrise to sunset for a period of one month. Such intermittent fasting has only minor effects upon the overall nutrition and physiological responses of the general sedentary population. Larger meals are consumed at night and in the early morning. Body mass usually remains unchanged, the total energy intake remains roughly constant, and there is little alteration in the relative consumption of protein, fats and carbohydrates. However, Ramadan observance may be of greater consequence for the training and performance of the competitive athlete, particularly when the festival is celebrated in the hotter part of the year and daylight hours are long, as is the case for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London, England. The normal sleeping time then tends to be shortened, and blood sugar and tissue hydration decrease progressively throughout the hours of daylight. Some limitation of anaerobic effort, endurance performance and muscle strength might be anticipated from the decrease in muscle glycogen and body fluid reserves, and a reduced blood glucose may cause a depressed mood state, an increased perception of effort, and poorer team work. This review considers empirical data on the extent of such changes, and their likely effect upon anaerobic, aerobic and muscular performance, suggesting potential nutritional and behavioral tactics for minimizing such effects in the Muslim competitor.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3397348/pdf/nutrients-04-00491.pdf
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| La investigación de dos diferentes marcos de tiempo de entrenamiento durante el ayuno del Ramadán. |
Investigating Two Different Training Time Frames during Ramadan Fasting.
Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, Najafabadi MG.
Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Asian J Sports Med. 2011 Sep;2(3):205-10.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Muslim athletes may continue training and competing while they are fasting. There is a concern about negative effects of fasting on sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two training time frames on athletes' body composition and performance during Ramadan fasting. METHODS: An observational study was conducted and thirty four male volunteer athletes from different sports including volleyball, karate, taekwondo and football were assigned in two groups. The first group included 14 elite athletes who during Ramadan voluntarily participated in training sessions at 1 hour before Iftar (BI) and the second group of 20 elite athletes who during Ramadan participated in training sessions at 3 hours after Iftar (AI). Testing was performed one week before; in the first and fourth weeks of Ramadan and one week after Ramadan. Weights, heights and skinfold thickness were assessed at each time point and body mass index was calculated. Each player was assessed for agility and explosive strength as well. RESULTS: The mean weight and body mass index of both groups decreased significantly during Ramadan (P<0.001). Performance variables were not negatively affected by fasting in BI or AI group athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Weight reduction might come with either BI or AI training schedules in Ramadan. Daytime or evening training did not inversely affect the agility and power performances in a group of elite athletes during Ramadan fasting.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289215/pdf/ASJSM-2-205.pdf
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| Los patrones temporales de las experiencias subjetivas y autorregulación durante el ayuno del Ramadán entre los arqueros de elite: un análisis cualitativo. |
Temporal Patterns of Subjective Experiences and Self-Regulation during Ramadan Fasting among Elite Archers: A Qualitative Analysis.
Roy J, Hamidan S, Singh R.
Sport Psychology Centre National Sports Institute of Malaysia.
Asian J Sports Med. 2011 Sep;2(3):195-204.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Some major competitions (e.g. London Olympics, 2012) are scheduled during the Ramadan fasting month. Little attention has been given to explore the archers' performance related subjective experiences with a qualitative method. Therefore, this study addressed individual archers' subjective experiences within the framework of self-regulation during Ramadan. METHODS: Eleven elite Malaysian Muslim fasting archers volunteered to participate in the study. Grounded theory was the qualitative approach used to examine the subjective experiences of athletes during Ramadan. Interviews were conducted and inductive content analysis was adopted to identify the temporal patterns of self-regulation of subjective experiences across the fasting period. RESULTS: Inductive content analysis identified (a) physical, (b) mental,(c) emotional, (d) behavioral, and (e) spiritual experiences. Overall patterns revealed that experiences associated with physical, emotional, behavioral, and spiritual dimensions dominated in the first phase of fasting, while the mental dimension surfaced increasingly in the latter phase of fasting. CONCLUSIONS: The trend showed changes in the patterns of experiences among the major domains across the temporal dimension. Athletes reported increased subjective experiences in mental factors toward the latter half of the fasting period. Practitioners should emphasize on mental aspects of training, as these appear to be salient in archery performance.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289212/pdf/ASJSM-2-195.pdf |
| Percepción subjetiva de los patrones de desempeño deportivo, capacitación, del sueño y la dieta de los atletas jóvenes malasios musulmanes durante el Ramadán y ayuno intermitente. |
Subjective Perception of Sports Performance, Training, Sleep and Dietary Patterns of Malaysian Junior Muslim Athletes during Ramadan Intermittent Fasting.
Singh R, Hwa OC, Roy J, Jin CW, Ismail SM, Lan MF, Hiong LL, Aziz AR.
Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
Asian J Sports Med. 2011 Sep;2(3):167-76.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To examine the subjective perception of daily acute fasting on sports performance, training, sleep and dietary patterns of Muslim athletes during the Ramadan month. METHODS: Seven hundred and thirty-four (411 male and 323 female) Malaysian Junior-level Muslim athletes (mean age 16.3 ± 2.6 y) participated in the survey which was designed to establish the personal perception of their sport performance, sleep pattern, food and fluid intake during Ramadan fasting. The survey was conducted during and immediately after the month of Ramadan in 2009. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent of the athletes perceived that there was an adverse effect of the Ramadan fast on their sporting performance and 29.3% reported that quality of training during Ramadan was also negatively influenced. Majority (48.2%) of the athletes stated that Ramadan fasting did not affect their normal sleep pattern but 66.6% of them complained of sleepiness during the daytime. Half of the athletes (41.4%) maintained the caloric intake during Ramadan as they normally would with the majority of them (76.2%) reporting that they consumed more fluids during Ramadan. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, Malaysian Junior-level Muslim athletes showed diverse views in their perception of changes in their training, sleep and dietary patterns during Ramadan fast. These individual differences probably indicate differences in the athletes' adaptability and coping strategies during fasting and training in Ramadan.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289208/pdf/ASJSM-2-167.pdf
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