domingo, 26 de junio de 2011

El dolor sigue siendo un problema mal manejado


ANÁLISIS | Serie de artículos


  • El 20% de la población mundial sufre algún grado de dolor crónico
  • El 43% de los que sufren dolor como consecuencia de un cáncer no hallan alivio
  • Los expertos recomiendan revisar los tratamientos y realizar nuevos estudios
Millones de personas sufren dolor y muchas de ellas no consiguen controlarlo. A pesar de la evolución en los tratamientos y en el conocimiento de la génesis de este síntoma, los médicos no pueden aliviar el sufrimiento de todos estos pacientes. Una serie de artículos publicados en 'The Lancet' analiza en qué situación se encuentra el manejo del dolor.
Las cifras hablan claro: el 20% de la población mundial sufre algún grado de dolor crónico y rara vez dan con el remedio adecuado para controlarlo, hasta un 75% de los pacientes quirúrgicos de EEUU no recibe la terapia adecuada para aliviar este síntoma así como el 43% de los que sufren dolor como consecuencia de un cáncer.

Datos que 'dan que pensar'

"Para la mayor parte de los afectados, la presencia de dolor crónico compromete todos los aspectos de su vida y de las vidas de sus seres queridos", explica uno de los artículos. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el 20% de la población mundial sufre este problema.
Aunque se trata de un trastorno muy común, las personas que lo padecen "continuarán sufriendo en un futuro inmediato algún grado de dolor independientemente de los tratamientos que reciban", subrayan los autores, procedentes del Departamento de Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor de la Universidad de Washington (EEUU).
En su estudio, analizan las opciones terapéuticas más populares para el manejo del dolor crónico y concluyen que, "por sí misma, ninguna de ellas es suficiente para eliminar el dolor y para tener un efecto notable en la función física y emocional de los pacientes".
"Los resultados presentados dan que pensar", insisten. "Existe una gran necesidad de ir más allá de si una terapia es eficaz y preguntarse qué tratamientos son útiles, para qué pacientes, con qué resultados y en qué circunstancias".

Dolor que compromete la recuperación

Otra de las formas más frecuentes de dolor es el que aparece después de una intervención quirúrgica. Muchas operaciones frecuentes, como las mastectomías, toracotomías, la reparación de hernias o las cirugías cardiacas causan lo que se conoce como dolor postoperatorio persistente en un 30% de los pacientes.
"A pesar de la introducción de nuevas guías y principios terapéuticos y de los esfuerzos educativos, los datos recogidos por todo el mundo sugieren que el dolor postoperatorio sigue estando mal abordado", señala otro de los artículos de la serie, elaborado por expertos de la Universidad Johns Hopkins (EEUU).
La falta de progresos en el manejo de este problema se debe, según los autores, a diversas causas. Aunque han surgido varias alternativas que parecen dar buenos resultados, especialmente la analgesia regional (como la epidural), asociadas con menor dolor, movilidad temprana y hospitalizaciones más cortas.

Un sufrimiento innecesario

Una de las muchas adversidades a las que se enfrentan los pacientes oncológicos es el dolor. La presencia de este síntoma varía en función del tipo de cáncer y la extensión, además de otros factores, y oscila entre el 15% y el 75% en los tumores sólidos.
En estos pacientes, "el dolor es rara vez un problema aislado", destaca el último trabajo. Y por este motivo su abordaje no se debe realizar sin tener en cuenta la fotografía general.
"Los esfuerzos para mitigar el dolor son bienvenidos, pero no mejorarán adecuadamente la calidad de vida o reducirán el sufrimiento si se aplican ignorando todas las preocupaciones del paciente asociadas con una enfermedad grave que amenaza su vida", señala el autor, procedente del Centro Médico Beth Israel (EEUU).
La solución sería, según el artículo, introducir los cuidados paliativos -tradicionalmente utilizados en los últimos momentos de la vida- en el manejo del paciente oncológico desde el momento del diagnóstico. Con ellos, concluye, "existe una creciente esperanza de que estos enfermos puedan vivir el cáncer con el mínimo sufrimiento".
 
 
 
The Lancet, Volume 377, Issue 9784, Pages 2226 - 2235, 25 June 2011
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60402-9Cite or Link Using DOI

Treatment of chronic non-cancer pain

Original Text
Prof Dennis C Turk PhD a Corresponding AuthorEmail AddressHilary D Wilson PhD aProf Alex Cahana MD a

Summary

Chronic pain is a pervasive problem that affects the patient, their significant others, and society in many ways. The past decade has seen advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain and in the availability of technically advanced diagnostic procedures; however, the most notable therapeutic changes have not been the development of novel evidenced-based methods, but rather changing trends in applications and practices within the available clinical armamentarium. We provide a general overview of empirical evidence for the most commonly used interventions in the management of chronic non-cancer pain, including pharmacological, interventional, physical, psychological, rehabilitative, and alternative modalities. Overall, currently available treatments provide modest improvements in pain and minimum improvements in physical and emotional functioning. The quality of evidence is mediocre and has not improved substantially during the past decade. There is a crucial need for assessment of combination treatments, identification of indicators of treatment response, and assessment of the benefit of matching of treatments to patient characteristics.
 

Feocromocitoma


Feocromocitoma

Publicado en An Pediatr (Barc). 2006;64(Supl 2):92-9. - vol.64 núm Supl.2Descargar PDF en: Español

Tumores de la médula suprarrenal. Feocromocitoma

Publicado en Medicine. 2004;09:937-45. - vol.09 núm 15pulse sobre visualizar documento

Emergencia hipertensiva en el contexto de feocromocitoma

http://www.jano.es/ficheros/sumarios/1/0/1613/64/1v0n1613a13090293pdf001.pdf

Feocromocitoma como causa de hemoptisis masiva

Publicado en Arch Bronconeumol. 2008;44:396. - vol.44 núm 07 pulse sobre visualizar documento.

Metanefrinas plasmáticas: mayor eficacia en el diagnóstico bioquímico del feocromocitoma

Publicado en Endocrinol Nutr. 2005;52:551-5. - vol.52 núm 10
Leer en: English
Descargar PDF en: Español

Protocolo diagnóstico de feocromocitoma

Publicado en Medicine. 2000;08:1174-6. - vol.08 núm 22
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Feocromocitoma

Medicine. 2000;08:1153-9.  -- pulse sobre visualizar documento

Nefropatía inducida por contrast

Med Clin (Barc). 2011;137:84-90.
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La definición actualmente aceptada para la nefropatía inducida por contraste (NIC) es la elevación de las cifras basales de creatinina en 0,5 mg/dl en las primeras 24–72 h tras exposición a un medio de contraste.La incidencia de la NIC es variable según la población de referencia y los factores de riesgo del paciente:12% tras intervencionismo coronario percutáneo y hasta el 38% en pacientes hospitalizados con comorbilidad y alto riesgo.Se han establecido unos factores de riesgo de NIC que pueden ayudar a mejorar la selección y a adoptar las medidas preventivas que son analizadas en la presente revisión, ya que una vez establecida, no hay tratamiento específico eficaz.

Confirmado el mecanismo de acción de la píldora del día siguiente


Confirmado el mecanismo de acción de la píldora del día siguiente

 

El fármaco no afecta a la implantación del óvulo fecundado y, por lo tanto, no es abortivo

EMILIO DE BENITO - Madrid - 20/06/2011
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La evidencia científica se confirma. La última revisión de los estudios farmacológicos indican que el levonorgestrel (el principio activo de la píldora del día siguiente) no interfiere en la implantación de un óvulo fecundado. Los trabajos, que han hecho el Consorcio Internacional de Anticoncepción de Emergencia (ICEC) y la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FIGO), son determinantes para acabar con una de las falsas verdades sobre este fármaco: que es abortivo. "La evidencia disponible demuestra que el principal mecanismo de acción de éste método anticonceptivo es impedir o retardar la ovulación, y confirma que no interfiere con la implantación, ni afecta el grosor endometrial", afirman los dos grupos científicos en una nota.

      La noticia en otros webs

      La declaración pretende acabar de una vez por todas con la acusación de que se trata de un medicamento abortivo. Esta idea estaba en el fondo alentada por los primeros estudios, que registraban unas supuestas alteraciones en la pared del endometrio. Ello tenía una doble lectura: para unos, reforzaba la idea de su eficacia (servía también si la relación sexual se producía cuando la mujer ya había ovulado). Pero, para otros -los que consideran que un óvulo fecundado ya es una persona- se trataba de una prueba de su carácter abortivo, al nivel del DIU. Así, lo que en un principio se consideró una ventaja comercial (evitaba el embarazo antes y durante la ovulación) se tornó en contra del producto. De hecho, ha sido uno de los argumentos más repetidos -junto a una exageración de sus posibles efectos secundarios- por quienes se oponen a que se dé en farmacias sin receta, algo que empezó a hacerse en España en septiembre de 2009 como parte de la política para evitar embarazos no deseados y abortos, sobre todo entre mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes.
      La idea caló tanto que todavía en 2010 un 57% de los dirigentes de los colegios médicos opinaba que la píldora del día siguiente es abortiva, y un 7% incluso niega que tenía acción anticonceptiva, según un estudio que hizo la Organización Médica Colegial.

      New to download: Mechanism of Action - how do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs) prevent pregnancy?

      F.D.A. Urges Less Use of Anemia Drugs


      F.D.A. Urges Less Use of Anemia Drugs
      By GARDINER HARRIS
      Published: June 24, 2011
      WASHINGTON — Federal drug regulators said on Friday that three drugs that had been widely used to treatanemia in both kidney and cancer patients were so dangerous to the heart that doctors should consider avoiding the medicines altogether in some patients and using less of them in others.
      Erik Jacobs for The New York Times
      Epogen is a erythropoietin-stimulating drug used by kidney and cancer patients suffering from anemia.
      The Food and Drug Administration concluded that there were no risk-free doses of Epogen, Aranesp and Procrit, and that doctors should use the medicines only in patients suffering from severe anemia. Doctors have used the medicines in the past to make patients feel better and as a way to increase chemotherapy doses in cancer patients.
      But there is growing evidence that the drugs may have cost many patients their lives by causing deadly strokes and other heart problems, as well as speeding the growth of cancer tumors.
      “This is a very big deal,” said Dr. Jay Wish, a professor of medicine at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. “It’s going to hit the dialysis population right now in a big way.”
      The medicines have cost the federal government more than $60 billion since they were introduced in 1989, and for years they were the biggest single drug expense in the federal Medicare program. The medicines have been big money makers for oncologists — who earn a mark-up for many of the medicines they prescribe — as well as dialysis providers.
      But as Congress debates ways of saving money in the Medicare program, some critics have pointed to these medicines — known collectively as erythropoietin-stimulating agents — as examples of how poorly the federal government controls expenses in the program. The United States is among only a few industrialized countries that do not routinely assess whether new drugs or devices are worth providing to patients whose care is paid for by the government. Those decisions are largely left up to doctors, many of whom have financial incentives to use the drugs or devices. Indeed, doctors in the United States used far more Epogen, Aranesp and Procrit than doctors in Europe and elsewhere who did not profit from their use.
      “Sixty billion dollars have gone out the window on these drugs, and what do we have to show for it?” asked Dennis Cotter, president of Medical Technology and Practice Patterns, a nonprofit health policy research institute in Bethesda, Md. Citing government estimates that as much as $800 billion in health care expenses may be wasted annually, Mr. Cotter said, “It’s time we had a sound way of assessing the value of these technologies.”
      Amgen, a large biotechnology company, was built on the sales of Epogen and Aranesp. Johnson & Johnson sells Procrit, which is manufactured by Amgen. Dr. Roger M. Perlmutter, executive vice president for research at Amgen, said the company supported the new F.D.A. warnings, which will be placed on the labels that educate doctors.
      “The revised label also provides physicians with more individualized treatment guidance by distinguishing between patients undergoing dialysis as compared with those who are not on dialysis,” Dr. Perlmutter said.
      Epogen, Aranesp and Procrit work by spurring the body’s production of red blood cells, which ferry oxygen to the body’s tissues. Professional athletes, particularly cyclists, have used the drugs (often improperly) to improve performance. They were developed to help dialysis patients cut down on blood transfusions, but Amgen and Johnson & Johnson soon persuaded doctors that the drugs helped both kidney and cancer patients feel better even when not suffering severe anemia. The consulting payments that the companies made to top doctors, including those who wrote guidelines for the drugs’ uses, may have played an important role in doctors’ enthusiasm.
      The drugs are expensive, and that means they have been particularly profitable for oncologists and nephrologists. But sales have been falling since 2007, when studies renewed concerns that the drugs might cause heart attacks and strokes and spur the growth of cancer.
      Friday’s warning about the drug’s risks is the most severe yet and will likely reduce uses of the drugs in kidney patients by as much as a third, Dr. Wish said.
      “I think it’s fairly draconian and is an overreaction,” said Dr. Wish, who has consulted for makers of the drugs. “They’re scaring everyone away.”
      Dr. Daniel Coyne, a professor of medicine at Washington University in St. Louis, asked why any patient would willingly risk a fatal stroke or heart attack just to reduce the number of blood transfusions they might require while on dialysis. He said he would probably cut the dose of the medicine he provided to dialysis patients by a third or more and eliminate it from the care of many patients not yet on dialysis. He and other nephrologists predicted that the F.D.A. warning would change the way Medicare paid for the drug.
      “This is a shockingly bold statement by the F.D.A., but is firmly evidence-based,” Dr. Coyne said.

      Really? The Claim: Pets Can Raise a Child’s Risk of Developing Allergies


      Well - Tara Parker-Pope on Health

      June 20, 2011, 5:02 pm

      Really? The Claim: Pets Can Raise a Child’s Risk of Developing Allergies

      By ANAHAD O'CONNOR
      Christoph Niemann
      THE FACTS
      Many parents worry that keeping a dog or cat in the house may make a child more likely to develop pet allergies. But the scientific evidence suggests otherwise.
      Instead, Fido and Whiskers seem to have the reverse effect. Most studies now show that children who are exposed to a pet during their first year have a lower likelihood of developing dog or cat allergies later on in life.
      In the latest study, appearing this month in the journal Clinical & Experimental Allergy, researchers at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit followed 566 boys and girls from birth until age 18, regularly collecting data from the children’s families about exposure to indoor pets. At the end of the study, the researchers took blood samples and tested the subjects for their allergic sensitization to dogs and cats.
      The children who had shared a home with a cat in their first year of life were about half as likely to be allergic to cats as those who had not. A decreased risk also was found in boys who lived with a dog as infants, though for some reason the effect was not as strong in girls.
      The researchers also concluded that exposure at later ages did not make much of a difference — it was exposure in infancy that mattered. “The first year of life is the critical period during childhood when indoor exposure to dogs or cats influences sensitization to these animals,” the study’s authors concluded.
      Another study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2002 documented a similar pattern: Children exposed to two or more dogs or cats in the first year of life were less likely to develop allergies to dust mites, ragweed and dog and cat hair.
      THE BOTTOM LINE
      Research suggests that exposure to a dog or cat in the first year of life can reduce the risk of allergies to them.

      Lifetime dog and cat exposure and dog- and cat-specific sensitization at age 18 years

      1. G. Wegienka1,
      2. C. C. Johnson1,
      3. S. Havstad1,
      4. D. R. Ownby2,
      5. C. Nicholas1,
      6. E. M. Zoratti3
      Article first published online: 14 JUN 2011
      DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03747.x
      © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
      Issue
      Clinical & Experimental Allergy

      Clinical & Experimental Allergy

      Volume 41Issue 7pages 979–986July 2011
      Additional Information(Show All)

      Keywords:

      • allergy;
      • cat;
      • dog

      Summary

      Background Prior research about whether keeping a dog or cat at home causes allergies to that pet has been limited to outcomes in early childhood.
      Objective Evaluate the association between lifetime dog and cat exposure and allergic sensitization to the specific animal at 18 years of age.
      Methods Participants enrolled in the Detroit Childhood Allergy Study birth cohort during 1987–1989 were contacted at the age 18 years. Sensitization to dog or cat was defined as animal-specific IgEgeqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted0.35 kU/L. Annual interview data from childhood and follow-up interviews at age 18 years were used to determine lifetime indoor dog and cat exposure (indoor was defined when the animal spent >50% of their time inside the house). Exposure was considered in various ways: first year, age groups and cumulative lifetime. Analyses were conducted separately for dogs and cats.
      Results Among males, those with an indoor dog during the first year of life had half the risk [relative risk (RR)=0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27, 0.92] of being sensitized to dogs at age 18 compared with those who did not have an indoor dog in the first year. This was also true for males and females born via c-section (RR=0.33, 95% CI 0.07, 0.97). Overall, teens with an indoor cat in the first year of life had a decreased risk (RR=0.52, 95% CI 0.31, 0.90) of being sensitized to cats. Neither cumulative exposure nor exposure at any other particular age was associated with either outcome.
      Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The first year of life is the critical period during childhood when indoor exposure to dogs or cats influences sensitization to these animals.
      Cite this as: G. Wegienka, C. C. Johnson, S. Havstad, D. R. Ownby, C. Nicholas and E. M. Zoratti, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 979–986.

      Guia Rapida de dosificacion practica en pediatria