Diferencias zonales en el riesgo y patrón de perforaciones de tornillo pedicular en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (AIS): una revisión de tomografía computarizada (CT) de 1986 tornillos .

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Zonal differences in risk and pattern of pedicle screw perforations in adolescentidiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a computerized tomography (CT) review of 1986 screws.

Fuente

Este artículo es publicado originalmente en:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29058137

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00586-017-5350-x

De:

Chan CYW1, Kwan MK2.

Eur Spine J. 2017 Oct 20. doi: 10.1007/s00586-017-5350-x. [Epub ahead of print]

Todos los derechos reservados para:

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

PMID:   29058137    DOI:  10.1007/s00586-017-5350-x

Abstract

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the zonal differences in risk and pattern of pedicle screw perforations in adolescentidiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.

METHODS:

The scoliosis curves were divided into eight zones. CT scans were used to assess perforations: Grade 0, Grade 1(< 2 mm), Grade 2(2-4 mm) and Grade 3(> 4 mm). Anterior perforations were classified into Grade 0, Grade 1(< 4 mm), Grade 2(4-6 mm) and Grade 3(> 6 mm). Grade 2 and 3 (except lateral grade 2 and 3 perforation over thoracic vertebrae) were considered as ‘critical perforations’.

RESULTS:

1986 screws in 137 patients were analyzed. The overall perforation rate was 8.4% after exclusion of the lateral perforation. The highest medial perforation rate was at the transitional proximal thoracic (PT)/main thoracic (MT) zone (6.9%), followed by concave lumbar (6.7%) and convex main thoracic (MT) zone (6.1%). The overall critical medial perforation rate was 0.9%. 33.3% occurred at convex MT and 22.2% occurred at transitional PT/MT zone. There were 39 anterior perforations (overall perforation rate of 2.0%). 43.6% occurred at transitional PT/MT zone, whereas 23.1% occurred at concave PT zone. The overall critical anterior perforation rate was 0.6%. 5/12 (41.7%) critical perforations occurred at concave PT zone, whereas four perforations occurred at the transitional PT/MT zone. There were only two symptomatic left medial grade 2 perforations (0.1%) resulting radiculopathy, occurring at the transitional main thoracic (MT)/Lumbar (L) zone.

CONCLUSION:

Overall pedicle perforation rate was 8.4%. Highest rate of critical medial perforation was at the convex MT zone and the transitional PT/MT zone, whereas highest rate of critical anterior perforation was at the concave PT zone and the transitional PT/MT zone. The rate of symptomatic perforations was 0.1%.

KEYWORDS:

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Computed tomography; Pedicle screw; Perforation

Resumen

PROPÓSITO:
Evaluar las diferencias zonales en el riesgo y el patrón de perforaciones de tornillo pedicular en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática en adolescentes (AIS).

MÉTODOS:
Las curvas de escoliosis se dividieron en ocho zonas. Se usaron tomografías computarizadas para evaluar las perforaciones: Grado 0, Grado 1 (<2 mm), Grado 2 (2-4 mm) y Grado 3 (> 4 mm). Las perforaciones anteriores se clasificaron en Grado 0, Grado 1 (<4 mm), Grado 2 (4-6 mm) y Grado 3 (> 6 mm). Los grados 2 y 3 (excepto la perforación lateral de grado 2 y 3 sobre las vértebras torácicas) se consideraron como “perforaciones críticas”.

RESULTADOS:
1986 tornillos en 137 pacientes fueron analizados. La tasa de perforación global fue del 8,4% después de la exclusión de la perforación lateral. La tasa más alta de perforación medial fue en la zona torácica proximal de transición (PT) / torácica principal (MT) (6,9%), seguida de la zona torácica principal (MT) lumbar cóncava (6,7%) y convexa (6,1%). La tasa de perforación medial crítica global fue del 0.9%. 33.3% ocurrieron en MT convexa y 22.2% ocurrieron en la zona de transición PT / MT. Hubo 39 perforaciones anteriores (tasa de perforación global de 2.0%). 43.6% ocurrieron en la zona transitoria de PT / MT, mientras que 23.1% ocurrieron en la zona PT cóncava. La tasa de perforación anterior crítica global fue del 0,6%. 5/12 (41.7%) perforaciones críticas ocurrieron en la zona PT cóncava, mientras que cuatro perforaciones ocurrieron en la zona transitoria PT / MT. Solo hubo dos perforaciones sintomáticas de grado medial izquierdo 2 (0.1%) que dieron como resultado una radiculopatía, que se produjo en la zona principal de transición torácica (MT) / Lumbar (L).

CONCLUSIÓN:
La tasa global de perforación pedicular fue del 8,4%. La tasa más alta de perforación medial crítica fue en la zona convexa MT y la zona transitoria PT / MT, mientras que la tasa más alta de perforación anterior crítica fue en la zona PT cóncava y en la zona transitoria PT / MT. La tasa de perforaciones sintomáticas fue del 0,1%.

PALABRAS CLAVE:
Escoliosis idiopática adolescente; Tomografía computarizada; Tornillo pedicular; Perforación

PMID: 29058137   DOI:  10.1007/s00586-017-5350-x

Anafilaxia / Anaphylaxis

Octubre 24, 2017. No. 2891

Mecanismos, cofactors y factores de aumento involucrados en la anafilaxia Mechanisms, Cofactors, and Augmenting Factors Involved in Anaphylaxis. Muñoz-Cano R1,2, Pascal M2,3, Araujo G1,2, Goikoetxea MJ4, Valero AL1,2, Picado C1,2, Bartra J1,2. Author information Front Immunol. 2017 Sep 26;8:1193. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01193. eCollection 2017. Abstract Anaphylaxis is an acute and life-threatening systemic reaction. Many triggers have been described, including food, drug, and hymenoptera allergens, which are the most frequently involved. The mechanisms described in anaphylactic reactions are complex and implicate a diversity of pathways. Some of these mechanisms may be key to the development of the anaphylactic reaction, while others may only modify its severity. Although specific IgE, mast cells, and basophils are considered the principal players in anaphylaxis, alternative mechanisms have been proposed in non-IgE anaphylactic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, as well as basophils, have been involved, as have IgG-dependent, complement and contact system activation. A range of cationic substances can induce antibody-independent mast cells activation through MRGPRX2 receptor. Cofactors and augmenting factors may explain why, in some patients, food allergen exposure can cause anaphylaxis, while in other clinical scenario it can be tolerated or elicits a mild reaction. With the influence of these factors, food allergic reactions may be induced at lower doses of allergen and/or become more severe. Exercise, alcohol, estrogens, and some drugs such as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and lipid-lowering drugs are the main factors described, though their mechanisms and signaling pathways are poorly understood. KEYWORDS: IgE; IgG; adenosine; anaphylaxis; cofactor; exercise; mast cell; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug PDF Rutas anafilácticas alternativas: el papel potencial de los macrófagos. Alternative Anaphylactic Routes: The Potential Role of Macrophages. Escribese MM1,2, Rosace D1, Chivato T2, Fernández TD3, Corbí AL4, Barber D1. Author information Front Immunol. 2017 May 8;8:515. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00515. eCollection 2017. Abstract Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening, multisystem syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mediators from effector cells. There are two potential pathways for anaphylaxis. The first one, IgE-dependent anaphylaxis, is induced by antigen (Ag) cross-linking of Ag-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. The second one, IgG-dependent anaphylaxis is induced by Ag cross-linking of Ag-specific IgG bound to IgG receptors (FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIC, and FcγRIIIA) on macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils. Macrophages exhibit a huge functional plasticity and are capable of exerting their scavenging, bactericidal, and regulatory functions under a wide variety of tissue conditions. Herein, we will review their potential role in the triggering and development of anaphylaxis. Thereby, macrophages, among other immune cells, play a role in both anaphylactic pathways (1) by responding to anaphylactic mediators secreted by mast cells after specific IgE cross-linking or (2) by acting as effector cells in the anaphylactic response mediated by IgG. In this review, we will go over the cellular and molecular mechanisms that take place in the above-mentioned anaphylactic pathways and will discuss the clinical implications in human allergic reactions. KEYWORDS: IgE; IgG; anaphylaxis; macrophages; serotonin PDF ANAFILAXIA Y REACCIONES ANAFILACTOIDES El presente artículo es una actualización al mes de enero del 2006 del Capítulo del Dr. Carlos Lovesio, del Libro Medicina Intensiva, Dr. Carlos Lovesio, Editorial El Ateneo, Buenos Aires (2001) PDF XXVII Congreso Peruano de Anestesiología Lima, Noviembre 2-4, 2017 Informes / Informataion

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org

Alergia y anestesia / Allergy and anesthesia

Octubre 25, 2017. No. 2892

Alergia a las benzodiazepinas con administración de anestesia: revisión de la literatura actual. Benzodiazepine Allergy With Anesthesia Administration: A Review of Current Literature. Haybarger E1, Young AS2, Giovannitti JA Jr3. Author information Anesth Prog. Fall 2016;63(3):160-7. doi: 10.2344/16-00019.1. Abstract The incidence of anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions has been reported to vary between 1:3500 and 1:20,000 cases with a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 9%. Clinical signs present as skin rash, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, tachycardia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Rapid identification and treatment are crucial to overall patient prognosis, as delayed intervention is associated with increased mortality. Diagnosis may be confirmed with clinical presentation, serum tryptase levels, and skin test results. While the main causative agents in anesthetic practice are typically neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBs), latex, and antibiotics, this review aims to discuss recognition, management, and preventive measures in perioperative anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from benzodiazepine administration. KEYWORDS: Anaphylactoid reactions; Anaphylaxis; Benzodiazepine allergy; Diagnosis of anaphylaxis; Management of anaphylaxis PDF Hipersensibilidad a los anestésicos locales Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics. Grzanka A, Wasilewska I, Śliwczyńska M, Misiołek H1. Author information Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2016;48(2):128-34. doi: 10.5603/AIT.a2016.0017. Epub 2016 Mar 15. Abstract Using local anaesthetics in daily practice, particularly by anaesthetists and dentists, is connected with the risk of side effects. Therefore, the observation of side effects, carrying out detailed research (according to the chart proposed in this study) and conducting specialist examinations is of the highest importance. There is a variety of side effects that could occur during local anaesthesia procedures, with the intensity ranging from clinically unimportant to life threatening. Clinicians' major concerns are the appearance of various hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis. Healthcare providers responsible for the administration of local anaesthetics should be able to detect hypersensitivity reactions to implement appropriate treatment and then choose highly selected diagnostic procedures. The final diagnosis should be based on specific medical history; documentation, including a description of the case and measurement of tryptase activity; skin tests; and provocation trials. Screening tests are not recommended in populations without hypersensitivity to local anaesthestics in their medical history. KEYWORDS: hypersensitivity; local anestehtics; local anesthesia; skin tests PDF XXVII Congreso Peruano de Anestesiología Lima, Noviembre 2-4, 2017 Informes / Informataion

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org

Señalización purinérgica / Purinergic signalling

Octubre 26, 2017. No. 2893

Señalización purinérgica: desarrollos terapéuticos. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Burnstock G1,2. Author information Front Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 25;8:661. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661. eCollection 2017. Abstract Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer. KEYWORDS: ATP; CNS diseases; adenosine; infection; inflammation; peripheral diseases PDF XXVII Congreso Peruano de Anestesiología Lima, Noviembre 2-4, 2017 Informes / Informataion LI Congreso Mexicano de Anestesiología Mérida Yucatán, Noviembre 21-25, 2017 Información / Information

Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor 52 664 6848905 vwhizar@anestesia-dolor.org anestesia-dolor.org