sábado, 28 de julio de 2012

Diferencia intelectual entre mujeres y hombres y oportunidades en la sociedad del conocimiento


El caparazón: Diferencia intelectual entre mujeres y hombres y oportunidades en la sociedad del conocimiento

Link to El caparazon


Posted: 24 Jul 2012 07:57 AM PDT
Comento a menudo en charlas el denominado efecto Flynn como argumento ante las afirmaciones tecnófobas sobre los efectos perversos de la tecnología en la inteligencia. Hoy encontraba una información sobre James Flynn, autor de la teoría y del próximo libro Are We Getting Smarter?, que creo que vale la pena analizar. En ella afirma su teoría más conocida, la que observa que durante los últimos 100 años hemos aumentado en 30 (3 puntos por década) el coeficiente intelectual de la población de los países desarrollados. La mente moderna, argumenta el autor, lidia mejor con los problemas abstractos.
Se observa últimamente, además, algo nuevo y significativo: por primera vez la mujer puntúa más alto (un punto por encima) que los hombresen los clásicos tests de CI.
Conscientes de la parcialidad de este tipo de medidas de la inteligencia (apostamos aquí, como sabéis, por las inteligencias múltiples) y sin ánimo de crear polémicas de guerra de sexos, resulta interesante profundizar en el tema porque lo que denota es, en mi opinión, que estamos construyendo un mundo con más oportunidades para los más desfavorecidos, al fin y al cabo más justo. 
Así, aunque pueda derivar en titulares fáciles, la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres en tests de CI se ha demostrado históricamente irrelevante, tema que no parece desmentir Flynn si observamos un poco más a fondo su estudio: las mayores puntuaciones solamente ocurren en Estonia, Nueva Zelanda y Argentina. En Israel, de hecho, las mujeres puntúan más bajo y en  Australia los valores parecen idénticos.
Lo que sí parece significativo y que muestra de nuevo cómo de dependiente es la llamada inteligencia “pura”de las oportunidades que la acompañen, es el dato de que los negros americanos han reducido 5 puntos de diferencia desde 1972, acercando sus CIs hasta una diferencia actual todavía de 10 puntos pero en clara tónica descendiente.

No somos tan distintos9781107028098
En fin… que más que hablar de inteligencias innatas y servirnos de titulares llamativos pero exagerados, parece que debemos rendirnos a la evidencia de que de nuevo son condicionantes socioculturales los que originan muchas de las desigualdades.
Volviendo al caso de la mujer, influye en el tema, desde luego, el hecho del mayor acceso durante los últimos años a los distintos niveles del sistema educativo, sobre todo a los superiores. Y el tema parece también suficiente para explicar también las diferencias entre razas.  Como decíamos en Ni menos mujeres, ni menos hombres, más grandes,  no resulta innecesario ir más allá de ello y recurrir a explicaciones biologicistas extrañas…. De este tipo son, en mi opinión, algunas de las de Flynn cuando afirma que está en la testosterona, cuyo nivel provoca rebeldía a algunas edades, la explicación sobre lo que dificulta a los hombres aprovechar ciertos períodos escolares en la misma medida que las mujeres…
Hablábamos hoy en la SER, en Hoy por hoy, de mujeres y redes sociales  / profesionales de actualidad, de la necesidad de apoyar la presencia de mujeres en cargos directivos y profesionales de nivel. No está de más recordar, en este sentido, la igualdad intelectual que Flynn demuestra que es posible.

Mantengamos el optimismo: en una sociedad del conocimiento con muchas más oportunidades de aprendizaje la desigualdad está condenada, a largo plazo, a convertirse en historia.

Revista electrónica de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte

http://www.romerobrest.edu.ar/ojs/

Gratuita, pero hay que registrarse

Open Journal Systems


Logo del Encabezado de la Página

Revista electrónica de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte

Espacio para difundir en idioma español la producción científica en el área de la actividad física, el ejercicio y los deportes.

Tratamiento farmacológico de la obesidad


Farmacoterapia para la obesidad: pasado, presente y futuro 
Pharmacotherapies for obesity: past, current, and future therapies.
Ioannides-Demos LL, Piccenna L, McNeil JJ.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
J Obes. 2011;2011:179674. Epub 2010 Dec 12.
Abstract
Past therapies for the treatment of obesity have typically involved pharmacological agents usually in combination with a calorie-controlled diet. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for obesity focusing on drugs approved for long-term therapy (orlistat), drugs approved for short-term use (amfepramone [diethylpropion], phentermine), recently withdrawn therapies (rimonabant, sibutamine) and drugs evaluated in Phase III studies (taranabant, pramlintide, lorcaserin and tesofensine and combination therapies of topiramate plus phentermine, bupropion plus naltrexone, and bupropion plus zonisamide)........http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006492/pdf/JOBES2011-179674.pdf

 
Fármacos presentes y futuros en el manejo del peso 
Current and future drug targets in weight management.
Witkamp RF.
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. renger.witkamp@wur.nl
Pharm Res. 2011 Aug;28(8):1792-818. Epub 2010 Dec 23.
Abstract
Obesity will continue to be one of the leading causes of chronic disease unless the ongoing rise in the prevalence of this condition is reversed. Accumulating morbidity figures and a shortage of effective drugs have generated substantial research activity with several molecular targets being investigated. However, pharmacological modulation of body weight is extremely complex, since it is essentially a battle against one of the strongest human instincts and highly efficient mechanisms of energy uptake and storage. This review provides an overview of the different molecular strategies intended to lower body weight or adipose tissue mass. Weight-loss drugs in development include molecules intended to reduce the absorption of lipids from the GI tract, various ways to limit food intake, and compounds that increase energy expenditure or reduce adipose tissue size. A number of new preparations, including combinations of the existing drugs topiramate plus phentermine, bupropion plus naltrexone, and the selective 5-HT(2C) agonist lorcaserin have recently been filed for approval. Behind these leading candidates are several other potentially promising compounds and combinations currently undergoing phase II and III testing. Some interesting targets further on the horizon are also discussed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130908/pdf/11095_2010_Article_341.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130908/?tool=pubmed

 
Atentamente
Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor

Nuevos artículos publicados en "Evidencias en Pediatría" (avance nº de septiembre)


Hola a tod@s

En las últimas tres semanas se han publicado en la web de "Evidencias en Pediatría"http://www.evidenciasenpediatria.es/ los siguientes artículos valorados críticamente:
Os recordamos que para suscribirse al boletín de novedades de "Evidencias en Pediatría" basta con que os suscribais desde el enlace "Suscripción gratuita al boletín de novedades", desde la página principal de la revista, http://www.evidenciasenpediatria.es  , a la derecha de vuestra pantalla.

Un saludo.

Equpo editorial de "Evidencias en Pediatría"
http://www.evidenciasenpediatria.es/

En Twitter: https://twitter.com/evidpediatria
En Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Evidencias-en-Pediatria/396993320672

Science. NYT


In the Nine Mile Canyon area, which is known for petroglyphs, a natural gas company is installing a pipeline despite concerns of archaeologists.
Jim Wilson/The New York Times
In the Nine Mile Canyon area, which is known for petroglyphs, a natural gas company is installing a pipeline despite concerns of archaeologists.
An obscure branch of the Bureau of Land Management wields great influence on local land-use decisions in the state, usually to the benefit of the energy industry.
Matthew Olearczyk with a drone his institute is evaluating for helping to assess storm damage.

In Blackouts, Drones and iPads May Come to Rescue

Utility companies are experimenting with iPad apps and aerial robots to help get the lights back on faster after storms by providing information and logistical support.

Genetic Data and Fossil Evidence Tell Differing Tales of Human Origins

Geneticists’ new finding that a previously unknown archaic species of human mingled with early modern humans in Africa has been met with skepticism because no fossil evidence exists.

Storms Threaten Ozone Layer Over U.S., Study Says

The risk of damage may increase as the climate warms and storms grow more intense and more frequent, the study said.
SCIENTIST AT WORK BLOG
Sponges protruding from the reef.

Leaving the Reefs of Carrie Bow

As scientists prepare to leave Belize, they discuss reasons for the disappearance of eusocial shrimp in Caribbean reefs.
OBSERVATORY

Aging Termites That Go Out With a Bang

In one species of termites, aging workers develop a unique defense mechanism: external structures on their backs that are toxic to an attacker.
Mr. Kukielski has removed rose varieties that fail a 10-point test for toughness.

Leading the Search for a Self-Reliant Bloom

Peter E. Kukielski, of the New York Botanical Garden, is part of a movement to identify and promote rose varieties that will thrive without chemical intervention.
Restoring power in Bethesda. Md., after a wave of powerful storms on June 29.

Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling

From highways to power plants, the concrete, steel and engineering that undergird the nation’s infrastructure are being dangerously taxed by heat, drought and storms.

Rare Burst of Melting Seen in Greenland’s Ice Sheet

The extent expanded from about 40 percent to 97 percent over four days, a first in 30 years of satellite observations but in line with a historical pattern.
SALLY RIDE | 1951-2012
Sally Ride communicating with ground controllers during the six-day space mission of the Challenger in 1983.

American Woman Who Shattered Space Ceiling

Dr. Ride was the first American woman in space, flying on two missions on the shuttle Challenger.
Science Times: July 24, 2012
NOT SO PERMANENT A pool of permafrost meltwater has formed along the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek, Yukon.
Guy Dore/Laval University
NOT SO PERMANENT A pool of permafrost meltwater has formed along the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek, Yukon.
The Alaska Highway, built in haste during World War II, is facing big challenges, including the effects of climate change on the underlying permafrost.
SIDE EFFECTS
ANCIENT A new study extends the origin of polar bears back to 5 million years instead of 600,000.

How Brown and Polar Bears Split Up, but Continued Coupling

Comparing the DNA of related species can work as a kind of microscope to see how the species separated — events that are otherwise lost in deep time.
SPAWNING An Acropora tenuis coral releasing sperm, an annual event. Scientists are freezing coral eggs and sperm that may be used to restore reefs.

Frozen Sperm Offer a Lifeline for Coral

Scientists hope that building what is essentially a coral sperm bank will someday help restore damaged reefs.
OUT THERE

Mystery Tug on Spacecraft Is Einstein’s ‘I Told You So’

A new explanation for the mysterious force that slowed down the Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes in the 1980s indicates that the old sage was doubly right.
Health News
THE AGENDA: HEALTH

Too Much Medical Care?

The United States spends an estimated $210 billion annually on unnecessary medical services. For patients, this often means getting pulled into a cycle of repeated lab work, scans and other medical tests.
Robert S. Ledley, who invented the whole-body CT scanner, with the first such device, at Georgetown University in 1974.

Robert S. Ledley, Who Revolutionized Radiology, Is Dead at 86

A dentist turned biomedical researcher, Dr. Ledley invented the first CT scanner capable of producing cross-sectional images of any part of the human body.
SCIENTIST AT WORK BLOG
Young elephants playing in the mud.

The Darker Side of Elephant Country

Scientists find that elephants, normally known for their gentle nature, sometimes turn against members of their own family in times of limited resources and duress.
THE AGENDA

A Climate and Energy Stalemate

Attuned to the public’s ambivalence, both political parties and their presidential candidates are playing down the climate issue.
Science Columns
OBSERVATORY
A new study shows that bats eavesdrop on fly sex to find their prey.

Mating Leaves Flies Most Vulnerable to Bats

Bats depend on flies for much of their diet, and a new study of a European bat suggests that the flies betray themselves while they mate.
OBSERVATORY
Mosses produce a scent to attract arthropods known as springtails.

Tiny Outsider Seems to Help Mosses Reproduce

A new study shows that mosses appear to emit smelly compounds to attract tiny arthropods that carry sperm from plant to plant.
OBSERVATORY

Birds Switch Gears to Stay on Course

A new study suggests that hummingbird keep flying through a downpour by adjusting their posture and increasing the frequency of their wing beats.
Q & A

Vaccine vs. Virus

Why didn’t viruses like polio and other diseases mutate to become immune to vaccines?
Science Times

Podcast: Science Times

The permafrost challenge; diving the coral reefs; and treatment options for prostate cancer.
  Science Times Podcast
Health Columns
PERSONAL HEALTH
The Ideal and the Real of Breast-Feeding

The Ideal and the Real of Breast-Feeding

Some dispute the message that "breast is best" and cite concerns for the pressure and guilt it heaps on working mothers.
REALLY?
The Claim: In a Heat Wave, an Electric Fan Can Cool You Off

The Claim: In a Heat Wave, an Electric Fan Can Cool You Off

Some experts have questioned whether electric fans might actually hamper efforts to cool down.
Opinion
DOT EARTH BLOG

Can Universities Credibly Probe Gas Impacts When Industry Foots the Bill?

A foe of fracking sees big problems if hidden conflicts of interest in energy analysis become the norm.
WORDPLAY BLOG

Numberplay: Three Containers

How can you pour water between three glasses to end up with two equal amounts?