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viernes, 8 de abril de 2011

España se convierte en el primer productor eólico de Europa


España se convierte en el primer productor eólico de Europa
La generación de electricidad con energía eólica en 2010 alcanzó en España los 42.976 GWh, lo que supone que, por primera vez en su historia, superó a Alemania -36.500 GWh- como el primer productor europeo de energía eólica, según los datos del Barómetro Eurobserv'ER, el observatorio de energías renovables de la Comisión Europea.
FUENTE | La Vanguardia Digital08/04/2011
La cobertura de la demanda con eólica en España fue del 16,4% el pasado año, frente al 6,2% de Alemania. No obstante, Alemania mantiene el primer puesto de Europa en potencia instalada, con un total de 27.214,7 MW eólicos a 31 de diciembre de 2010. España ocupa el segundo lugar, con 20.676 MW.

"Esto demuestra el buen funcionamiento del sistema español, al haber logrado producir más electricidad procedente de la eólica con menos aerogeneradores", señala la Asociación Empresarial Eólica. 

En ambos países, el ritmo de crecimiento del sector eólico se ralentizó el pasado año: Alemania instaló 1.551 MW y España, 1.516 MW. España vivió en 2010 un año con elevados niveles de viento, al contrario que Alemania. Incluso en el mes de marzo pasado, la energía eólica se convirtió en la primera fuente de electricidad en España.

España tiene unos costes de generación eólica menores porque sus parques funcionan más horas", dice la Asociación. Además, cuenta con aerogeneradores más modernos que Alemania, pues el mercado eólico español comenzó a desarrollarse más tarde) y "tiene un mejor sistema de integración en red gracias al trabajo conjunto llevado a cabo entre Red Eléctrica de España (REE) y el sector eólico".

Al igual que España, Alemania cuenta con un sistema de incentivos a la energía eólica basado en primas medioambientales, considerado por la Comisión Europea como el más eficiente de Europa en términos económicos.

Los nuevos parques alemanes percibieron el año pasado 92 euros por MWh, frente a los 77 euros de media que recibieron los españoles. España es, junto con Portugal, el país de la Unión Europea con unas primas eólicas más bajas, destaca la Asociación Empresarial.

Dada la probada eficacia del sistema, el sector eólico español considera que la nueva regulación que dicte el Gobierno debe basarse o respetar los logros alcanzados con el sistema actual.

Para que la energía eólica continúe su desarrollo y España pueda cumplir los objetivos europeos de cara a 2020, es necesario que el Gobierno establezca ya el nuevo marco regulatorio que sustituya al Real Decreto 661/2007, que vence a finales de 2012.

La instalación de parques eólicos exige largos periodos de maduración (de seis a ocho años), por lo que las empresas necesitan conocer ya las condiciones en que se podrá desarrollar el sector a partir de 2013. 

Autor:   Antonio Cerrillo
Publicado por Bibliomanazteca en 21:47 0 comentarios
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Arts


Arts

Anything Goes, with Sutton Foster, center, a Roundabout Theater Company revival at the Stephen Sondheim Theater.
THEATER REVIEW | 'ANYTHING GOES'

A Glimpse of Stocking? Shocking!

By BEN BRANTLEY
Sutton Foster stars in Kathleen Marshall's rousing Broadway revival of Cole Porter's willfully silly musical "Anything Goes."
The bass-baritone Alan Held as Wozzeck with the mezzo-soprano Waltraud Meier.
OPERA REVIEW

Cheers for the Hero, Followed by an Opera

By ANTHONY TOMMASINI
Despite continuing health problems, the conductor James Levine seemed inspired to be back in action in the Met's pit for "Wozzeck," and the results were thrilling.
Wilhelm Bendz's
ART REVIEW

Romantics Shining Clear Light on Daily Existence

By ROBERTA SMITH
A new exhibit at the Met, "Rooms With a View" looks at a group of early-19th-century painters who used the window as a vehicle to change how to look at the world.
Ailey II: Sarah Daley, left, Brittany Engel-Adams and Solomon Du- mas in
DANCE REVIEW

Attitude and Hip-Hop for the Naughty Sides, Ballet for the Nice

By ROSLYN SULCAS
Ailey II, the younger branch of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, opened its season on Wednesday with swagger at Ailey Citigroup Theater.
Publicado por Bibliomanazteca en 21:45 0 comentarios
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Movie Reviews




Movie Reviews

Eric Bana and Saoirse Ronan in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'HANNA'

Daddy's Lethal Girl Ventures Into the Big, Bad World

By MANOHLA DARGIS
A girl in the wilds of Finland is raised to be a highly efficient killing machine.
Michelle Williams plays a member of a caravan of pioneer families traveling through the Oregon Territory in 1845 in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'MEEK'S CUTOFF'

Out on the Frontier, Bringing All That Baggage With Them

By A. O. SCOTT
Michelle Williams portrays a member of a pioneer family crossing Oregon Territory in "Meek's Cutoff," directed by Kelly Reichardt.


MOVIE REVIEW | 'ARTHUR'

A Lush Life Revisited, With Nanny on Board

By A. O. SCOTT
A remake of the 1981 comedy "Arthur" stars Russell Brand in the Dudley Moore role of the boozy billionaire.
James Franco, left, Zooey Deschanel, and Danny McBride in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'YOUR HIGHNESS'

They Huffed and Puffed and Waited to Exhale

By MANOHLA DARGIS
A pot-infused fantasy of medieval times, "Your Highness" is a tale of two brothers, one of them a hero.
Artists without boundaries: From left, Scott B and Beth B, Diego Cortez, Lydia Lunch, Johnny O'Kane, Bill Rice and Adele Bertei in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'BLANK CITY'

That '80s Moment When Nothing and (Almost) Everything Mattered

By A. O. SCOTT
The documentary "Blank City" looks at iconoclastic downtown New York filmmakers in the late 1970s and early '80s.
Keanu Reeves in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'HENRY'S CRIME'

Man Needs Caffeine Jolt or Reversal of Fortune

By MANOHLA DARGIS
Keanu Reeves portrays a rudderless tollbooth worker who finds himself plotting a life of crime in the muted comedy "Henry's Crime."
Alexander David in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'TO DIE LIKE A MAN'

The Anguish of Identity

By STEPHEN HOLDEN
Joao Pedro Rodrigues's film "To Die Like a Man" is both an unsentimental examination of Lisbon's drag clubs and a surreal phantasmagoria sprinkled with enigmatic symbols.
Uma Thurman and Lee Pace in
MOVIE REVIEW | 'CEREMONY'

Here Comes the Bride, a Wedding Crasher in Pursuit

By STEPHEN HOLDEN
A lopsided love triangle emerges when a privileged pair, portrayed by Uma Thurman and Lee Pace, find their wedding has been crashed by Michael Angarano.
MOVIE REVIEW | 'KATI WITH AN I'

A Girl Moves Toward Adulthood

By JEANNETTE CATSOULIS
"Kati With an I," Robert Greene's endearing documentary, finds virtue in vagueness and significance in the everyday.

News & Features

Moviegoers at the Park Avenue Theater in New York in 1946. The complete cinema experience involved, once upon a time, an audience.

Out There in the Dark, All Alone

By MANOHLA DARGIS
Movies, once a collective experience, are now often seen in solitude, on digital devices. Has something been lost?
Kelly Bush is breaking with the idea of publicists as gatekeepers. Instead, in this TMZ era, she dives right into controversy.

A Publicist Who Sees No Need to Duck Calls

By MICHAEL CIEPLY and BROOKS BARNES
Kelly Bush, in your face and sure of herself, is helping to change the way P.R. is done among the top players in Hollywood.
An installation view of
EXHIBITION REVIEW

Behind the Wizard's Wand: Making the Harry Potter Films

By EDWARD ROTHSTEIN
"Harry Potter: The Exhibition," opening Tuesday at Discovery Times Square, demonstrates how an imagined world is brought to life by meticulous attention to detail.
Rose Kuo, executive director, and Richard Pe?a, program director, in the Film Society of Lincoln Center's new space.

Poised for Releases: 2 New Screens at Lincoln Center

By LARRY ROHTER
The Film Society of Lincoln Center is close to completing a theater complex that constitutes the first new uptown art house in decades.
Publicado por Bibliomanazteca en 21:43 0 comentarios
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Magnesio, el ion olvidado


Magnesio - Esencial para los anestesiólogos
Magnesium - Essentials for Anesthesiologists
Herroeder, Susanne, Schönherr, Marianne E, De Hert, Stefan G, Hollmann, Markus W.
Section Editor(s): Warner, David S. M.D., Editor
Anesthesiology: April 2011 - Volume 114 - Issue 4 - pp 971-993
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318210483

Magnesium plays a fundamental role in many cellular functions, and thus there is increasing interest in its role in clinical medicine. Although numerous experimental studies indicate positive effects of magnesium in a variety of disease states, large clinical trials often give conflicting results. However, there is clear evidence for magnesium to benefit patients with eclampsia or torsades de pointes arrhythmias. In addition, magnesium seems to have antinociceptive and anesthetic as well as neuroprotective effects, yet well-designed large clinical trials are required to determine its actual efficacy in pain management or in the state of stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The current review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge and available evidence with respect to physiologic aspects of magnesium and proposed indications and recommendations for its use in the clinical setting.

 Magnesio en Anestesia y Reanimación
E. Alday Muñoz, R. Uña Orejón, F. J. Redondo Calvo, A. Criado Jiménez
Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid.
Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim. 2005; 52: 222-234.
Resumen
El magnesio es un ión implicado en numerosas funciones fisiológicas y en la fisiopatología de muchas enfermedades que afectan al paciente quirúrgico. La incidencia de hipomagnesemia en el ambiente perioperatorio es alta y en ocasiones menospreciada con importantes implicaciones pronósticas. El magnesio es además empleado como fármaco con distintas indicaciones: en reanimación, obstetricia, cardiología, cirugía cardíaca, tratamiento del dolor, anestesia, neumología, etc. El papel del magnesio en el organismo y sus propiedades farmacológicas siguen siendo objeto de estudio y cada vez aparecen nuevas situaciones en las que este ión adquiere un papel relevante. El conocimiento de sus características farmacológicas, clínicas y fisiológicas se
ha vuelto imprescindible para el médico anestesiólogo. El objetivo de esta revisión es dar una visión sencilla y completa del papel del magnesio en el organismo, sus alteraciones en el medio perioperatorio y su relevancia como fármaco eficaz en numerosas situaciones clínicas.
Palabras clave: Magnesio. Sulfato de magnesio. Anestesia. Reanimación.
http://www.sedar.es/restringido/2005/4/222.pdf
 
Efecto de la clonidina y el sulfato de magnesio sobre el consumo de anestésicos, hemodinamia y recuperación postoperatoria: Un estudio comparativo
Effect of clonidine and magnesium sulphate on anaesthetic consumption, haemodynamics and postoperative recovery: A comparative study.
Ray M, Bhattacharjee DP, Hajra B, Pal R, Chatterjee N.
Department of Anaesthesiology, N.R.S. Medical College, Kolkata, India.
Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Mar;54(2):137-41.
Abstract
This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was designed to assess the effect of intravenous clonidine and magnesium sulphate on intraoperative haemodynamics, anaesthetic consumption and postoperative recovery. Seventy five patients undergoing elective upper limb orthopaedic surgery were randomised into three groups. Group C received clonidine 3 mug/kg as a bolus before induction and 1mug/kg/hour by infusion intraopertively. Group M received magnesium sulphate 30 mg/kg as a bolus before induction and 10 mg/kg/hour by infusion. Group P received same volume of isotonic saline. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with fentanyl citrate and propofol. Muscular relaxation was achieved by vecuronium bromide. Induction time, recovery time and consumption of propofol as well as fentanyl citrate were recorded. Induction of anaesthesia was rapid with both clonidine and magnesium sulphate. Time of bispectral index (BIS) to reach 60 was significantly lower in Group C and Group M (P < 0.0001). Requirements of propofol and fentanyl were significantly less in Group C and Group M (P < 0.001). Postoperative recovery was slower in Group M compared with other two groups (P < 0.001). Perioperative use of both clonidine and magnesium sulphate significantly reduced the consumption of propofol and fentanyl citrate. Magnesium sulphate caused a delayed recovery. 

Infusión I.V. de sulfato de magnesio durante anestesia espinal mejora la analgesia postoperatoria
I.V. infusion of magnesium sulphate during spinal anaesthesia improves postoperative analgesia.
Hwang JY, Na HS, Jeon YT, Ro YJ, Kim CS, Do SH.
Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-707, Republic of Korea.
Br J Anaesth. 2010 Jan;104(1):89-93.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In a randomized, double-blind, prospective study, we have evaluated the effect of i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate during spinal anaesthesia on postoperative analgesia and postoperative analgesic requirements.METHODS: Forty patients undergoing total hip replacement arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia were included. After the induction of spinal anaesthesia, the magnesium group (Group M) received magnesium sulphate 50 mg kg(-1) for 15 min and then 15 mg kg(-1) h(-1) by continuous i.v. infusion until the end of surgery. The saline group (Group S) received the same volume of isotonic saline over the same period. After surgery, a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device containing morphine and ketorolac was provided for the patients. Postoperative pain scores, PCA consumption, and the incidences of shivering, postoperative nausea, and vomiting were evaluated immediately after surgery, and at 30 min, 4, 24, and 48 h after surgery. Serum magnesium concentrations were checked before the induction of anaesthesia, immediately after surgery, and at 1 and 24 h after surgery.
RESULTS: Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in Group M at 4, 24, and 48 h after surgery (P<0.05). Cumulative postoperative PCA consumptions were also significantly lower in Group M at 4, 24, and 48 h after surgery (P<0.05). Postoperative magnesium concentrations were higher in Group M (P<0.05 at 4, 24, and 48 h after surgery), but no side-effects associated with hypermagnesemia were observed. Haemodynamic variables and the incidences of shivering, nausea, and vomiting were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: I.V. magnesium sulphate administration during spinal anaesthesia improves postoperative analgesia.

Atentamente
Dr. Enrique Hernández-Cortez 
Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor
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4º Conferencia Internacional sobre avances en EPOC

4º Conferencia Internacional sobre avances en EPOC
1º Conferencia sobre EPOC en el Mercosur



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Neurología.com Vol 52 Suplemento 2 Marzo 2011


Volumen 52  Suplemento 2Factor de Impacto 2009: 1,234
Nos complace comunicarle que acabamos de incorporar a la edición digital de Revista de Neurología el último número publicado cuyo índice le adjuntamos.
Revisión
Citicolina: revisión farmacológica y clínica, actualización 2010
J.J. Secades
Resumen  /  PDF  /  PDF Inglés  /  Seminario  /  Mail  /  PubMed
Publicado por Bibliomanazteca en 21:37 0 comentarios
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