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Guía para el manejo de la falla hepática aguda
A guide to managing acute liver failure.
Abstract
Nearly 2,000 cases of acute liver failure occur each year in the United States. This disease carries a high mortality rate, and early recognition and transfer to a tertiary medical care center with transplant facilities is critical. This article reviews the definition, epidemiology, etiology, andmanagement of acute liver failure.
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¿Qué tanta isquemia puede tolerar el hígado durante su resección?
How much ischemia can the liver tolerate during resection?
Abstract
The use of vascular inflow occlusion (VIO, also known as the Pringle maneuver) during liver surgery prevents severe blood loss and the need for blood transfusion. The most commonly used technique for VIO entails clamping of the portal triad, which simultaneously occludes the proper hepatic artery and portal vein. Although VIO is an effective technique to reduce intraoperative blood loss, it also inevitably inflicts hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury as a side effect. I/R injury induces formation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and cell death, ultimately leading to a sterile inflammatory response that causes hepatocellular damage and liver dysfunction that can result in acute liver failure in most severe cases. Since the duration of ischemia correlates positively with the severity of liver injury, there is a need to find the balance between preventing severe blood loss and inducing liver damage through the use of VIO. Although research on the maximum duration of hepatic ischemia has intensified since the beginning of the 1980s, there still is no consensus on the tolerable upper limit. Based on the available literature, it is concluded that intermittent and continuous VIO can both be used safely when ischemia times do not exceed 120 min. However, intermittent VIO should be the preferred technique in cases that require >120 min duration of ischemia.
KEYWORDS: Hepatectomy; ischemia; ischemic preconditioning (IP); oxidative stress; reperfusion injury
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Opioides en pacientes con falla hepática. Revisión sistemática
Opioid Drugs in Patients With Liver Disease: A Systematic Review.
Hepat Mon. 2016 Mar 6;16(4):e32636. doi: 10.5812/hepatmon.32636. eCollection 2016.
Abstract
CONTEXT: The liver, one of the most important organs of the body, is known to be responsible for several functions. The functional contribution of the liver to the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, drugs and toxins, fats and cholesterol and many other biological processes are still unknown. Liver disorders are classified into two types: acute and chronic. Different drugs are used in liver diseases to treat and control pain. Most pain relief medications such as opioids are metabolized via the liver; therefore, the adverse reactions of drugs are probably higher for patients withliver disease. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of opioid drugs on patients with liver disease; therefore, it is necessary to select suitable opioids for such patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This review was written by referring to research literature including 70 articles and four textbooks published from 1958 to 2015 on various reputable sites. Searches were carried out on the key phrases of narcotic pain relievers (opioids), acute and chronic hepaticfailure, opioid adverse drug reactions, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and other similar keywords. References included a variety of research papers (descriptive and analytical), intervention and review articles. RESULTS: In patients with liver disease, administration of opioid analgesics should be observed, accurately. As a general rule, lower doses of drugs should be administered at regular intervals based on the signs of drug accumulation. Secondly, the interactions of opioid drugs with different levels of substrates of the P450 cytochrome enzyme should be considered. CONCLUSIONS: Pain management in patients with liver dysfunction is always challenging to physicians because of the adverse reactions of drugs, especially opioids. Opioids should be used cautiously since they can cause sedation, constipation and sudden encephalopathy effects. Since the clearance of these drugs in patients with hepatic insufficiency is decreased, the initial dose must be decreased, the intervals between doses should be increased and some patients need to be continuously assessed.
KEYWORDS: Adverse Drug Reactions; Liver Disease; Opioids
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16th World Congress of Anaesthesiologists
28 August - 2 September 2016
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
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Cursos de Anestesiología en Chile, 2016
Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
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