Israel Confirms Major Gas Find
By ETHAN BRONNER
Published: December 30, 2010
JERUSALEM — Exploratory drilling off Israel’s northern coast this week has confirmed the existence of a major natural gas field — one of the world’s largest offshore gas finds of the past decade — leading the country’s infrastructure minister to call it “the most important energy news since the founding of the state.”
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Natural Gas Deposits Improve Israel’s Energy Outlook (August 21, 2010)
Houston-based Noble Energy in cooperation with several Israeli partner companies said that the field, named Leviathan, whose existence was predicted months ago, has at least 16 trillion cubic feet of gas at a likely market value of tens of billions of dollars and should turn Israel into an energy exporter. “If it acts correctly, levelheadedly and responsibly, Israel can enjoy not only the benefit of using the gas, but it can also turn into a gas supplier in the Mediterranean region,” the infrastructure minister, Uzi Landau, said in a statement. “The large reserves of natural gas will enable Israel’s citizens to enjoy the benefit of clean and inexpensive electricity, as well as the expected profits for the state.”
The find means that Israel, with a long history of dependence on foreign energy and hostility and boycotts from many of the biggest energy powers, could find itself in a much more advantageous position in the coming decade.
But the find has been accompanied by a heated debate over how much in taxes and royalties Israel will charge. A state-appointed committee headed by an economist at Hebrew University, Eytan Sheshinski, is planning to recommend substantially increased profit taxes, opposed by the companies and some on the political right.
Gideon Tadmor, the chief of Delek Energy and Avner Oil Exploration, partners in this venture with Noble, said the taxes could make the project prohibitively expensive. “The gas may stay in the ground because we will not succeed in obtaining from banks around the world the tens of billions of shekels for developing the reservoir,” he said in an interview.
He said that this new find could impel neighboring countries, including Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria, to explore and possibly develop their potential gas fields, and warned that Israel needed to move quickly to be the first to export its gas. Delek estimates that if it moves aggressively, it could begin producing gas from Leviathan in five to six years.
Last year, the United States Geological Survey estimated that more than 120 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas reserves, equivalent to 20 billion barrels of oil, lie beneath the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean. That would put it in the same league as the North Sea (29 billion barrels at its peak) but far short of Saudi Arabia, at 275 billion barrels.
In reaction to the Israeli announcement, Lebanese politicians said they would move more quickly in exploring their own gas potential.
Professor Sheshinski, who heads the government committee on taxes, said that Israel has among the very lowest rates of energy taxes anywhere and that it was time to update that.
“We have proposed a profit tax to be imposed after the firms earn an adequate return on their investment,” Mr. Sheshinski said in an interview. “We have checked with the banks and we will be well within world averages. Anyone who knows the numbers can be assured of a proper return.”
Mr. Sheshinski said that his report, due out on Monday, had already been endorsed by the governor of the Bank of Israel, Stanley Fischer, the International Monetary Fund and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which Israel recently joined. He said the profit tax rate recommended by his committee would be between 55 and 60 percent and that the O.E.C.D. average was 62 percent.
The committee’s recommendations require government and parliamentary approval.
Sever Plocker, an economic columnist for Yediot Aharonot newspaper, said in a commentary on Thursday that it was far from clear that the new discovery could be developed profitably. Gas prices could fall, the techniques needed to extract the gas were likely to be complicated and expensive to develop and exporting natural gas required enormous investment for pipelines or the means of transforming the gas into liquid to be moved on tankers, he said.
“Creative thinking is our great natural resource, not gas,” he wrote. “It is our obligation to guard it with utmost care.”
Hete aquí una polémica de las que hacen historia. Prácticamente en cualquier tertulia familiar sale a relucir. Cotidianamente, la frase “mujer tenía que ser” está a la orden del día. Pero, según los estudios realizados hasta la fecha,¿podemos decir que los hombres conducen mejor que las mujeres o viceversa?
Hay dos factores que afectan decisivamente en la conducción de los hombres: el alcohol y la testosterona.
