martes, 15 de julio de 2014

Transplante hepático/Liver transplant

Transfusión y coagulación en trasplante de hígado


Transfusion and coagulation management in liver transplantation.
Clevenger B, Mallett SV.
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 28;20(20):6146-58. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6146.
Abstract
There is wide variation in the management of coagulation and blood transfusion practice in liver transplantation. The use of blood products intraoperatively is declining and transfusion free transplantations take place ever more frequently. Allogenic blood products have been shown to increase morbidity and mortality. Primary haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis are altered by liver disease. This, combined with intraoperative disturbances of coagulation, increases the risk of bleeding. Meanwhile, the rebalancing of coagulation homeostasis can put patients at risk of hypercoagulability and thrombosis. The application of the principles of patient blood management to transplantation can reduce the risk of transfusion. This includes: preoperative recognition and treatment of anaemia, reduction of perioperative blood loss and the use of restrictive haemoglobin based transfusion triggers. The use of point of care coagulation monitoring using whole blood viscoelastic testing provides a picture of the complete coagulation process by which to guide and direct coagulation management. Pharmacological methods to reduce blood loss include the use of anti-fibrinolytic drugs to reduce fibrinolysis, and rarely, the use of recombinant factor VIIa. Factor concentrates are increasingly used; fibrinogen concentrates to improve clot strength and stability, and prothrombin complex concentrates to improve thrombin generation. Non-pharmacological methods to reduce blood loss include surgical utilisation of the piggyback technique and maintenance of a low central venous pressure. The use of intraoperative cell salvage and normovolaemic haemodilution reduces allogenic blood transfusion. Further research into methods of decreasing blood loss and alternatives to blood transfusion remains necessary to continue to improve outcomes after transplantation.
KEYWORDS: Cell salvage; Coagulation; Liver disease; Patient blood management; Thromboelastography; Transfusion; Transplantation
http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/pdf/v20/i20/6146.pdf




Complicaciones respiratorias tempranas después de trasplante del hígado

Early respiratory complications after liver transplantation.
Feltracco P, Carollo C, Barbieri S, Pettenuzzo T, Ori C.
World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Dec 28;19(48):9271-81. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9271.
Abstract
The poor clinical conditions associated with end-stage cirrhosis, pre-existing pulmonary abnormalities, and high comorbidity rates in patients with high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores are all well-recognized factors that increase the risk of pulmonary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) surgery. Many intraoperative and postoperative events, such as fluid overload, massive transfusion of blood products, hemodynamic instability, unexpected coagulation abnormalities, renal dysfunction, and serious adverse effects of reperfusion syndrome, are other factors that predispose an individual to postoperative respiratory disorders. Despite advances in surgical techniques and anesthesiological management, the lung may still suffer throughout the perioperative period from various types of injury and ventilatory impairment, with different clinical outcomes. Pulmonary complications after OLT can be classified as infectious or non-infectious. Pleural effusion, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia may contribute considerably to early morbidity and mortality in liver transplant patients. It is of paramount importance to accurately identify lung disorders because infectious pulmonary complications warrant speedy and aggressive treatment to prevent diffuse lung injury and the risk of evolution into multisystem organ failure. This review discusses the most common perioperative factors that predispose an individual to postoperative pulmonary complications and these complications' early clinical manifestations after OLT and influence on patient outcome.
KEYWORDS: Liver transplantation; Post-transplant pneumonia; Postoperative edema; Postoperative respiratory failure; Respiratory complications

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882400/pdf/WJG-19-9271.pdf

Efecto de la ocreotida sobre el gasto urinario durante el trasplante hepático ortotópico en la función renal postoperatoria

The effect of octreotide on urine output during orthotopic liver transplantation and early postoperative renal function; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Sahmeddini MA, Amini A, Naderi N.
Hepat Mon. 2013 Sep 18;13(9):e12787. doi: 10.5812/hepatmon.12787. eCollection 2013.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:Maintenance of the adequate intraoperative renal perfusion is very important during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) to prevent acute renal failure.OBJECTIVES:For the first time, this study was designed to survey the effects of octreotide on urine output during anesthesia for OLT and early postoperative renal function.PATIENTS AND METHODS:In this randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial, 79 of 89 patients who underwent OLT and fulfilled the study requirement were randomly allocated into two groups. In the octreotide group, the patients received octreotide infusion from the start of the operation. On the other hand, the control group patients received physiologic saline infusion instead of octreotide. The Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), heart rate, urine output, norepinephrine usage, and dosage during the three stages of OLT, and baseline and postoperative creatinine were recorded and compared between the two groups.RESULTS:No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the demographic characteristics and graft factors (P > 0.05). However, urine output and MAP during the three stages of OLT were significantly higher in the octreotide group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding baseline as well as postoperative creatinine (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The results demonstrated that octreotide infusion during anesthesia for OLT not only augmented the vasoconstriction effect of norepinephrine to increase MAP, but also maintained better renal perfusion and urine output during the operation.
KEYWORDS:Acute Kidney Injury; Liver Transplantation; Octreotide

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830523/pdf/hepatmon-13-09-12787.pdf



Atentamente
Anestesiología y Medicina del Dolor
www.anestesia-dolor.org

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